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Endotypes of Chronic Rhinosinusitis; relationships to disease phenotypes, pathogenesis, clinical findings and treatment approaches.
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  • Atsushi Kato,
  • Anju Peters,
  • Whitney Stevens,
  • Robert Schleimer,
  • Bruce Tan,
  • Robert Kern
Atsushi Kato
Northwestern University

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Anju Peters
Northwestern University
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Whitney Stevens
Northwestern University
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Robert Schleimer
Northwestern University
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Bruce Tan
Northwestern University
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Robert Kern
Northwestern University
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Abstract

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common clinical syndrome that produces significant morbidity and costs to our health system. The study of CRS has progressed from an era focused on phenotype to include endotype based information. Phenotypic classification has identified clinical heterogeneity in CRS based on endoscopically observed features such as presence of nasal polyps, presence of comorbid or systemic diseases and timing of disease onset. More recently, laboratory-based findings have established CRS endotype based upon specific mechanisms or molecular biomarkers. Understanding the basis of widespread heterogeneity in the manifestations of CRS is advanced by findings that the three main endotypes, Type 1, 2 and 3, orchestrate the expression of three distinct large sets of genes. The development and use of improved methods of endotyping disease in the clinic is ushering in an expansion of the use of biological therapies targeting Type 2 inflammation now and perhaps other inflammatory endotypes in the near future. The purpose of this review is to discuss the phenotypic and endotypic heterogeneity of CRS from the perspective of advancing the understanding of the pathogenesis and improvement of treatment approaches and outcomes.
09 Apr 2021Submitted to Allergy
12 Apr 2021Submission Checks Completed
12 Apr 2021Assigned to Editor
13 Apr 2021Reviewer(s) Assigned
03 May 2021Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
03 May 2021Editorial Decision: Revise Minor
Mar 2022Published in Allergy volume 77 issue 3 on pages 812-826. 10.1111/all.15074