Figure 4. Schematic Diagram of (a) Synthesis procedure of HA-HNSs and
(b) HA-HNSs-Mediated SDT/MPTT for preventing atherosclerotic plaque
progression. (c) Magnified images: TEM (i), HAADF-STEM (ii), HRTEM
(iii). (d) XRD patterns. *, peaks of TiO2. #, peaks of
CuS. (e) Survey XPS. (f) O 1s XPS. (g) UV−vis−NIR absorption spectra of
HNSs. Reproduced from Ref. [161] with permission. Copyright 2022
American Chemical Society.
3.3. Organic-inorganic hybrids
3.3.1. Metal–organic frameworks
(MOFs)
MOFs is the abbreviation of Metal–organic Framework. It is a kind of
crystalline porous material with periodic network structure formed by
self-assembly of inorganic metal center (metal ion or metal cluster) and
bridged organic ligand. MOFs are organic-inorganic hybrid materials,
also known as coordination polymers, which are different from inorganic
porous materials and organic complexes in general.[164-166] Both the
rigidity of inorganic materials and the flexibility of organic
materials. It shows great development potential and attractive
development prospect in modern material research. Zhang et al.
introduced a versatile nanomaterial based on a Zr-FeP MOF through a
simple one-pot hydrothermal method. These Zr-FeP MOF nanoshuttles
demonstrate a significant photothermal effect with a high PCE of up to
33.7%. When loaded with HSP70 siRNA and subjected to a single NIR laser
irradiation, the Zr-FeP MOF nanoshuttles efficiently suppress tumor
growth, both in vitro and in vivo, owing to the synergistic effects of
PDT and MPTT. Furthermore, they exhibit excellent capabilities for
photothermal imaging, computed tomography (CT), and PAI, enabling
precise tumor diagnosis.[167] This research contributes to the
development of ”all-in-one” nanoagents that can perform multimodal
imaging for accurate tumor diagnosis and deliver synergistic treatments
through PDT and MPTT. Li et al. developed a Bi@ZIF-8 (BZ) nanomaterial
using a straightforward one-step reduction method. They then efficiently
loaded GA onto the BZ nanomaterial through physical mixing. The
researchers conducted comprehensive characterization of the
nanomaterial, including studying the release of GA in response to
changes in pH and NIR-light irradiation. The BZ nanomaterial exhibited a
significantly improved drug release rate when the temperature was
elevated under acidic conditions. It demonstrated excellent stability
under laser irradiation and achieved a PCE of approximately 24.4% with
good biocompatibility and great potential for use in MPTT, showcasing
excellent efficacy in tumor destruction.[168] Chang et al.
encapsulated Pd NPs within ZIF-8 to create Pd@ZIF-8 composites. They
introduced an innovative strategy for ferroptosis-boosted MPTT based on
a single-atom nanozyme (SAzyme). This Pd SAzyme, characterized by its
atom-efficient utilization of catalytic centers, exhibits peroxidase
(POD) and glutathione oxidase (GSHOx) mimicking activities, as well as
efficient photothermal conversion performance. These attributes
contribute to the induction of ferroptosis, characterized by the
up-regulation of lipid peroxides (LPO) and ROS. The accumulation of LPO
and ROS resulting from the Pd SAzyme’s activity provides a potent means
for cleaving HSPs, enabling Pd SAzyme-mediated mild temperature
generation.[169] They further employed Cu SAzyme, which possesses
exceptional multi-enzyme activities capable of triggering the formation
of a ROS storm. This ROS storm has the potential to inflict damage on
the existing HSPs within cancer cells. By combining a dual-pronged
strategy involving a SGLT inhibitor and the ROS storm, the Cu SAzyme
loaded with LIK066 demonstrates high efficiency in eliminating HSPs,
thereby achieving MPTT.[170] Feng et al. developed an innovative
Au-Fe SAzyme nanosystem that enables highly efficient simultaneous
photothermal, photodynamic, and chemodynamic therapy in NIR range. The
photothermal treatment effect of the Au-Fe SAzyme nanosystem is
particularly notable. Importantly, this nanosystem possesses glucose
oxidase (GOD)-like abilities, leading to significant inhibition of
glucose metabolism at the tumor site and down-regulation of HSPs
expression.[171] These results highlighted the potential of the
Au-Fe SAzyme nanosystem as a novel photothermal reagent that overcomes
the limitations of traditional photosensitizers. The SAzyme platform
also provides insights for the development of other types of MPTT,
addressing current limitations in photothermal treatment. Peng et al.
developed a nanoplatform consisting of ZIF-8 coated mesoporous
polydopamine (MPDA) core–shell NPs, which were then loaded with
Pifithrin-μ (PES, a natural inhibitor of HSPs). The ZIF-8 shell of the
MPDA@ZIF-8/PES nanoplatform exhibited rapid degradation in response to
the acidic environment typically found in bacterial biofilm infections.
This triggered the controlled release of PES and Zn ions. Consequently,
the suppression of HSP was notably effective, enhancing the efficacy of
MPTT. Additionally, the release of Zn2+ exhibited
antibacterial and antibiofilm effects.[172] Thus, the fabricated
nanosystem was capable of effectively eliminating bacterial biofilms,
achieving MPTT at around 45°C, and demonstrating excellent antibacterial
efficacy. These studies not only offer simple approach for creating the
nanosystem responsive to the biosystem but also introduce a promising
strategy for MPTT.