Results
3,854 children completed pulmonary function tests during the 5-year
period, of which 1,793 met all inclusion and exclusion criteria (Fig 2).
Lung volumes and specific airway conductance obtained via
plethysmography were obtained in 1,790 patients. Patient characteristics
and pulmonary function tests are in Table 1. The cohort included a
higher proportion of boys, who were on average, slightly younger than
girls, and more likely to be obese. There were no significant gender
differences by ancestry. Children with asthma had lower pulmonary
function on average than healthy children at all ages. Mean
FEV1, % predicted, for children with asthma was 94.8+ 16.5 prebronchodilator and 99.7 + 16.9
postbronchodilator (p < 0.001). Mean FEV1/FVC
was .83 + .09 prebronchodilator and .87 + .08
postbronchodilator (p < 0.001). Patients had, on average, low
specific conductance, which was reversed with an inhaled bronchodilator.
Specific conductance remained remarkably steady throughout the age range
of this study. TLC was within the normal range, but RV was on average,
higher than the normal reference range and RV/TLC ratio mildly elevated
(Table 1). FEV1/FVC at age 16 in male children with
asthma was 5.6% lower than healthy children, 5.4 % lower in females
(Table 2). Postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC in 16-year-old
male children with asthma was 1.1% lower than healthy children and
3.3% lower in females. Female patients had a higher
FEV1/FVC ratio than males at all ages.
Figure 1b demonstrates that the curvilinear shape to the relationship
between FEV1/FVC and age was preserved in children with
asthma. Similar to healthy children, FEV1/FVC decreased
from age 5 to around age 11, increased until about the age of 13, and
remained stable or even increased until the age of 18.
Post-bronchodilator, these trajectories remained, though blunted.
Table 2 demonstrates that the decrease from age 5 to age 11 in
FEV1/FVC in children with asthma was proportionately
less than reported in healthy children in the GLI cohort, -5.8%
compared to about -9.4% in boys, and -5.7% compared to -7.3% in
girls. This difference from healthy children was even more striking
postbronchodilator, with a - 4.1% decrease from age 5 to 11 in boys
with asthma and -2.1% decrease in girls with asthma.
The increase in FEV1/FVC from age 11 to age 16 was
similar in children with asthma as compared to healthy children.
FEV1/FVC increased 2.5% in boys with asthma from age 11
to age 16, compared to 2.3% in healthy boys; and 1.2% in girls with
asthma, as compared to 2.2% in healthy girls. Postbronchodilator, the
increase in the ratio in children with asthma was 2.6% in boys and
1.0% in girls. At age 16, FEV1/FVC was 7.3% less than
at age 5 in boys with asthma compared to 5.2% less in healthy boys, and
4.5% less than at age 5 in girls with asthma compared to 5.2% less in
healthy girls. Obese children with asthma had, on average, an 8.1%
decrease in the FEV1/FVC ratio between ages 5 and 11, as compared to
+1.1% in children with a BMI within the normal range.
Figure 3 demonstrates that the curvilinear shape to the graph appears
similar regardless of gender. In this cross-sectional cohort of children
with asthma, there do not appear to be gender differences in the age of
onset of the increase in FEV1/FVC ratio that were
reported for healthy children.
FEV1/FVC of obese patients was lower as compared to
patients with BMIs in the normal range, .80 + .09 versus .84+ .09, p< 0.0001, prebronchodilator; and .85 +.08 compared to .88 + .08. p < 0.0001,
postbronchodilator. Children with asthma that were obese maintained a
curvilinear shape to the relationship between FEV1/FVC
and age but differed from patients with a normal BMI. (Figure 4). At 16
years of age, their mean FEV1/FVC was .79 compared to
.86 in children with a BMI in the normal range, p< 0.0001.
In absolute terms, FVC increased proportionally more than TLC between
age 5 and age 11, 101.5% compared to 88.9%, which resulted in a
decrease in mean RV/TLC ratio from .34 to .29. Between age 11 and age
16, FVC and TLC increased similarly, 45.1% compared to 43.8%, so mean
RV/TLC ratio in 16-year-old children with asthma was .28. The growth in
FEV1 was quite similar to TLC, increasing 90.3% between
ages 5 and 11, and 49.3% from 11 to 16. From age 11 to age 16,
FEV1 grew, on average, by 49.3%, compared to a 45.0%
increase in FVC, consistent with an increase in the ratio of the two
during early adolescence.