Divergence time estimation
Divergence time was estimated using the uncorrelated relaxed clock model as implemented in BEAST v. 1.6.1 (Drummond and Rambaut, 2007). In order to limit the numbers of parameter for the estimation, Bayesian tree was used as a guide tree. The tree prior generated using a Yule speciation model, and all node calibrations were enforced using Normal distributions. Constraints on clade ages were enforced using three fossil calibrations. Mordellidae (Protoripidius burmiticus ) diverged from the other lineages in the Tenebrionoidea approximately in 166.6 Mya (Cai et al ., 2018), Anthicidae-Meloidae (Camelomorpha longicervix ) split at 145 Mya (Kirejtshuk et al ., 2008), and Tenebrionidae-Lagriidae (Alphitopsis initialis ) split at 143.6 Mya (Kirejtshuk et al ., 2012). The posterior time estimation was conducted using a MCMC algorithm, and the MCMC run was sampled every 1 000 iterations until it achieved 10 000 samples, after the first 100 000 iterations were discarded as burn-in. The effective sample sizes of every node age were confirmed using Tracer v. 1.5 until every parameter being >200. The maximum clade credibility tree was calculated using TreeAnnotator v. 1.6.1, with the node times scaled to match the mean posterior estimates.