Sample collection, sequencing and mtgenome assembly
All samples were collected in China (Table S1), and then stored in 95% alcohol at -20 °C until DNA extraction. These samples were identified in morphology, 19 species were selected for sequencing, and their identification were confirmed by subsequent COX1comparison with BOLD (http://boldsystems.org/index.php) (Hebert et al ., 2003). The total genomic DNA was extracted from the thorax and leg muscle tissue by DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit (Qiagen, Duesseldorf, Germany) according to the instructions of manufacturer. Concentration of extracted genomic DNA was determined by Qubit 2.0 (Invitrogen, Shanghai, China). The 350 bp small fragment libraries were constructed, and then sequenced using the Illumina Hiseq 2500 (San Diego, CA) with 150 bp paired-end reads in Shenzhen Huitong Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Shenzhen, China). After removing the adapters, and unpaired, short and low qualitied reads, clean reads from mtgenomes were extracted using a BLAST (Altschul et al. , 1990) search against known Tenebrionoidea mtgenome sequences, and then used for de novomtgenome assembly with SPAdes v. 3.9.0 (Bankevich et al. , 2012). The contigs of mtgenome were extracted and assembled into mtgenomes through searching against the reference sequences using PRICE (paired-read iterative contig extension) by NOVOPlasty version 2.6.2 (Dierckxsens et al. , 2016).