Conclusion
This is the first comprehensive study on the mtgenomes characteristics
and mtgenome-based phylogenetics in Tenebrionoidea.
A total of 19 species of
mtgenomes in Tenebrionoidea are newly sequenced and annotated. The
comprehensive analysis of
90
mtgenome sequences in Tenebrionoidea suggests that the AT-skew, length
variation, and codon usage are consistent with other reported mtgenomes
in Tenebrionoidea. The families Mordellidae, Meloidae, Anthicidae,
Oedemeridae, Pyrochroidae, Salpingidae, Scraptiidae, Lagriidae and
Tenebrionidae are suggested to be monophyletic. Ciidae is at the base of
the superfamily of Tenebrionoidea, and the Mordellidae is sister to the
Ripiphoridae. The “Tenebrionidae clade” and “Meloidae clade” are
monophyletic, and both of them are sister groups. In the “Meloidae
clade”, Anthicidae is sister to Meloidae. In the “Tenebrionidae
clade”, the family Lagriidae and Tenebrionidae are sister groups. In
Lagriidae, the subfamily Adeliinae is based at the subfamilies Lagriinae
+ Statininae. In Tenebrionidae, the subfamily Pimeliinae, Alleculinae
and Stenochiinae look monophyletic, Tenebrioninae and Diaperinae are
polyphyletic. The divergence time analysis suggests that Tenebrionoidea
originated in early Jurassic, Mordellidae, Meloidae and Oedemeridae in
Cretaceous, Anthicidae, Lagriidae and Tenebrionidae in the early
Cretaceous.