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\begin{document}

\title{Causes and consequences of divorce in a long-lived socially monogamous
bird}



\author[1]{Frigg Speelman}%
\author[2]{Terry Burke}%
\author[3]{Jan Komdeur}%
\author[4]{David Richardson}%
\author[1]{Hannah Dugdale}%
\affil[1]{Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences}%
\affil[2]{University of Sheffield}%
\affil[3]{University of Groningen}%
\affil[4]{University of East Anglia}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 17, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
In socially monogamous species, sexual selection not only depends on
initial mate choice but also mate switching. To date, studies lack
assessment of differences between passive (widowhood) and active
(divorce) mate switching, longer-term fitness consequences, and how age
masks reproductive costs and benefits of divorce. We investigated causes
and long-term consequences of divorce and their age-dependence using
longitudinal data on Seychelles warblers (Acrocephalus sechellensis),
and experimentally test for short-term effects of mate-switching. Young
and old males, but not females, divorced most frequently. Divorce
propensity declined with pair bond duration and reproductive success in
both sexes, but mate switching did not result in short-term costs.
Divorcees did not gain short- or long-term fitness benefits compared to
non-divorcees. In fact, female early-life divorcees that lost their
breeding position had lower survival than females that never divorced.
Divorce is likely a strategy to escape poor-quality partnerships, but
not all divorcees benefit from divorcing.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


Submission for Ecology Letters; special issue Ecological \& Evolutionary
Insights From Very Long-Term Studies

TITLE: Causes and consequences of divorce in a long-lived socially
monogamous bird

AUTHORS

Frigg J. D. Speelman\textsuperscript{1,2}; f.j.d.speelman@rug.nl

Terry Burke\textsuperscript{3}; t.a.burke@sheffield.ac.uk

Jan Komdeur\textsuperscript{1}; j.komdeur@rug.nl

David S. Richardson\textsuperscript{4,5}; david.richardson@uea.ac.uk

Hannah. L. Dugdale\textsuperscript{1}; h.l.dugdale@rug.nl

AFFILIATIONS

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  University of Groningen, Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life
  Sciences, The Netherlands
\item
  Macquarie University, School of Biological Sciences, Sydney, Australia
\item
  University of Sheffield, School of Biosciences, Sheffield, UK
\item
  University of East Anglia, Biological Sciences, Norwich, UK
\item
  Nature Seychelles, Mah\selectlanguage{ngerman}é, Republic of Seychelles
\end{enumerate}

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP

FJDS and HLD conceived the study design and methodology, with input from
DSR. FJDS performed the analyses, with input from HLD. FJDS wrote the
manuscript, with input from HLD, DSR and JK. DSR organised (and with
many others - see acknowledgments) undertook fieldwork. Molecular
parentage assignment methods were developed and undertaken by DSR and
HLD. HLD, DSR, JK, and TB managed the long-term Seychelles warbler study
system and database including gaining the relevant funding. All authors
gave final approval for submission.

DATA ACCESSIBILITY STATEMENT

Data and code are available on Figshare. For the reviewing process, this
following link can be used to access the data:
https://figshare.com/s/484c4a7293eda21275d0

Once the manuscript is accepted for publication, data will be made
publicly accessible with the following DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.25033811

RUNNING TITLE

Divorce in a long-lived bird

KEYWORDS

Seychelles warbler, \emph{Acrocephalus sechellensis} , mate fidelity,
mate switching, widowing, partnerships, social monogamy, reproductive
success, age, sex-specific

WORD COUNT

Abstract: 150

Main text: 4999

References: 72

3 figures, 3 tables, 0 text boxes

CORRESPONDING AUTHORS

Frigg J.D. Speelman

fjdspeelman@gmail.com

+61428518204

Hannah L. Dugdale

\emph{h.l.dugdale@rug.nl}

+31 50 36 39683

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the Seychelles Bureau of Standards and the Department of
Environment for fieldwork permission and permits for the export of
samples. We are also grateful to Nature Seychelles for facilitating
fieldwork on Cousin Island. We thank Simon C. Griffith for insightful
input while conceptualising the study. We thank all the fieldworkers and
technicians that contributed to the Seychelles warbler project, without
them the current long-term dataset would not exist. FJDS was funded by a
PhD scholarship from the University of Groningen and Macquarie
University, the Lucie Burgers Foundation, Ecology Fund Grant of the
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and by the Dobberke
grant of the Dr. J.L. Dobberke Foundation. The long-term data gathering
that enabled this study was supported by various NERC grants:
NE/B504106/1 to TAB and DSR, NE/I021748/1 to HLD, NE/P011284/1 to HLD
and DSR, and NE/F02083X/1, NE/K005502/1 and NE/S010939/1 to DSR; as well
as a NWO Rubicon 825.09.013 to HLD, NWO visitors grant 040.11.232 to JK
and HLD, and NWO TOP grant 854.11.003 and NWO VICI 823.01.014 to JK.

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