Abbreviations:
UC, ulcerative colitis; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; TNF, anti-tumor necrosis factor; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular pattern; TLRs, Toll-like receptors; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3; ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B; PHI, phillygenin; DSS, dextran sulfate sodium; DAI, disease activity index; TNBS, 2,4,6-trinitro-Benzenesulfonic acid; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; H&E, hematoxylin, and eosin; PAS, periodic acid-Schiff stain; FITC-d, fluorescein isothiocyanate- dextran; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; MLN, mesenteric lymph nodes; M-CSF, mouse colony-stimulating factor; BMDM, bone marrow-derived macrophage; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; DAPI, 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; ConA, concanavalin A; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate.