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\begin{document}

\title{The Influence of Subtropical Mode Water in Nutrients in the South
Atlantic}



\author[1]{Paula Birocchi}%
\author[1]{Piero S Bernardo}%
\author[1]{Olga T Sato}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 21, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The South Atlantic subtropical mode water (STMW) is characterized by
a~volume of water confined between the seasonal and
permanent~thermoclines. It is formed during the months of winter to
early~spring, July to October, near the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence
region~and the Brazil Current recirculation gyre. The STMW presents a
homogeneous temperature (T) and salinity distribution in the
horizontal~and vertical, on average reaching up to 170 m of layer
thickness. We~investigate the impact of STMW in the nutrient's
distribution and the~nutricline depth in the western South Atlantic.
Three data sets were~used to identify the mode water and determine
nutrients concentration:i) My Ocean biogeochemical model reanalysis; ii)
World Ocean Atlas~2013 (WOA13) monthly climatology; and iii) the In Situ
Analysis System~(ISAS) data. Based on WOA13, during the summer (January,
February and March) the~STMW is found at subsurface from 100 m to 225 m
deep; it has a mean layer thickness of 112 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 5.0 m, reaching a maximum
of 145 m. During~the winter, the maximum layer thickness is 250 m while
the mean is 155~± 20.3 m.~In the summer, STMW is in subsurface from 100
m to 225 m deep.~As expected, the formation of mode water occured mostly
in the winter to mid-spring.~Using the model and ISAS data, we found a
correlation between a deepening of~the surface layer of minimum nitrate
concentration and the mode water formation period (from June to
October)~in vertical profiles. From 2002 to 2012, greater nutrients
concentration were found during the STMW formation period, from surface
to 200 m depth, than in other periods with STMW absence. We also found a
peak chlorophyll-a concentration during STMW formation period,
suggesting that STMW presence in the southwest South Atlantic is
important for biological processes in the upper ocean.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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