Characteristics Outpatient visits Outpatient visits Outpatient visits Outpatient visits Inpatient visits Inpatient visits Inpatient visits Inpatient visits
2013 2013 2018 2018 2013 2013 2018 2018
OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI
Pairing assistance (PA) 1.31*** (1.16 - 1.47) 0.90* (0.83 - 0.98) 1.22** (1.07 - 1.39) 1.04 (0.94 - 1.14)
Personal Characteristics
Gender (ref. female) 0.87** (0.80 - 0.95) 0.94 (0.88 - 1.01) 1.08 (0.97 - 1.20) 1.02 (0.94 - 1.11)
Age (ref. 15-34)
35-59 1.50 (0.92 - 2.45) 1.20 (0.95 - 1.52) 0.60 (0.34 - 1.07) 0.91 (0.69 - 1.20)
≥60 1.41 (0.87 - 2.29) 1.17 (0.92 - 1.48) 0.92 (0.52 - 1.62) 1.29 (0.98 - 1.71)
Marital status (ref. unmarried) 0.99 (0.88 - 1.12) 1.08 (0.98 - 1.19) 1.13 (0.98 - 1.31) 1.14* (1.01 - 1.28)
Education (ref. primary school and below) Education (ref. primary school and below) Education (ref. primary school and below) Education (ref. primary school and below) Education (ref. primary school and below) Education (ref. primary school and below) Education (ref. primary school and below) Education (ref. primary school and below) Education (ref. primary school and below) Education (ref. primary school and below)
Junior middle school 1.11 (0.99 - 1.24) 1.08 (0.99 - 1.17) 1.04 (0.91 - 1.20) 1.00 (0.90 - 1.11)
Senior middle school 1.13 (0.93 - 1.38) 1.03 (0.89 - 1.18) 1.17 (0.92 - 1.49) 1.01 (0.84 - 1.21)
College degree and above ·· ·· 0.93 (0.51 - 1.71) 3.12 (0.60 - 16.29) 0.59 (0.23 - 1.53)
Self-rated health (ref. very poor)
Poor 0.83 (0.53 - 1.29) 1.25 (0.96 - 1.61) 1.11 (0.71 - 1.75) 1.14 (0.86 - 1.50)
Fair 0.81 (0.54 - 1.22) 1.09 (0.86 - 1.38) 0.74 (0.48 - 1.13) 0.71** (0.55 - 0.91)
Good 0.75 (0.50 - 1.13) 0.83 (0.65 - 1.04) 0.44*** (0.29 - 0.68) 0.41*** (0.32 - 0.53)
Very good 0.66 (0.43 - 1.00) 0.70** (0.55 - 0.90) 0.33*** (0.21 - 0.51) 0.28*** (0.21 - 0.37)
Household income 0.96*** (0.94 - 0.98) 1.00 (0.98 - 1.01) 1.03* (1.00 - 1.05) 1.00 (0.99 - 1.02)
Medical insurance (ref. uninsured) 0.86 (0.54 - 1.38) 1.05 (0.76 - 1.46) 2.41* (1.22 - 4.75) 1.68 (0.98 - 2.88)
County characteristics
Area (ref. eastern China)
Central China 1.05 (0.92 - 1.19) 0.88* (0.79 - 0.97) 1.65*** (1.41 - 1.93) 1.24*** (1.09 - 1.40)
Western China 1.00 (0.87 - 1.15) 0.98 (0.89 - 1.09) 1.44*** (1.23 - 1.70) 1.11 (0.98 - 1.27)
County GDP (million CNY) 1.06*** (1.03 - 1.08) 1.01 (0.99 - 1.03) 0.99 (0.96 - 1.02) 1.00 (0.98 - 1.02)
Ratio of those with bachelor’s degree or above in licensed physicians 0.99*** (0.98 - 0.99) 1.00* (0.99 - 1.00) 1.00 (1.00 - 1.01) 1.00 (1.00 - 1.00)
Beds for emergency and ICU 1.00 (1.00 - 1.00) 1.00*** (1.00 - 1.01) 1.00 (1.00 - 1.00) 1.00** (1.00 - 1.01)
Observations 13,877 22,716 13,887 22,716
Chow test (PA in 2013 vs PA in 2018) Chi-square value=24.42 Chi-square value=24.42 P<0.001 Chi-square value=3.78 Chi-square value=3.78 P=0.052