[Figure 11]
The dominant drivers of urbanization and terrestrial ecosystem health changes differentiated among regions, and most of the indices for 7 sub-regions passed the internal examinations of the PLS-SEM model (Table 8 and Table S11). Social and economic factors played a positive role in regional urbanization development, while behaved negative effects on ecosystem health changes, which were mainly concentrated in all regions expect for the southwest region (Table 8). All the path coefficients of climate and topography on EHI were positive, implying the positive impact of natural factors on ecosystem health. However, their effects on UI were quite different. Some regions exhibited positive path coefficients, including east, south, central, and northeast, while others had negative values. Furthermore, UI had significant positive effects on EHI in six regions, with east and north exhibited higher values of 0.64 and 0.93, respectively. However, the effect was -0.4 in southwest. Additionally, driving factors had indirect effects on EHI. For instance, social and economic factors were negative indirectly with EHI via UI in southwest. Climate and topography showed positive indirect effects on EHI in east, south, northeast and central regions (Table S12).