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\begin{document}

\title{Fetch-limited, strongly forced wind waves in waters with frazil and
grease ice - spectral modelling and satellite observations in an
Antarctic coastal polynya}



\author[1]{Agnieszka Herman}%
\author[2]{Katarzyna Bradtke}%
\affil[1]{Polish Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[2]{University of Gdansk}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Sea ice-waves interactions have been widely studied in the marginal ice
zone, at relatively low wind speeds and wave frequencies. Here, we focus
on very different conditions typical of coastal polynyas: extremely high
wind speeds and locally-generated, short, steep waves. We overview
available parameterizations of relevant physical processes (nonlinear
wave-wave interactions, energy input by wind, whitecapping and
ice-related dissipation) and discuss modifications necessary to adjust
them to polynya conditions. We use satellite-derived data and spectral
modelling to analyze waves in ten polynya events in the Terra Nova Bay,
Antarctica. We estimate the wind-input reduction factor over ice in the
wave-energy balance equation at 0.56. By calibrating the model to
satellite observations we show that exact treatment of quadruplet
wave-wave interactions (as opposed to the default Discrete Interaction
Approximation) is necessary to fit the model to data, and that the power
n\textgreater{}4 in the sea-ice source term
S\_ice\textasciitilde{}f\^{}n (where f denotes wave frequency) is
required to reproduce the observed very strong attenuation in spectral
tail in frazil streaks. We use a very-high resolution satellite image of
a fragment of one of the polynyas to determine whitecap fraction. We
show that there are more than twofold differences in whitecap fraction
over ice-free and ice-covered regions, and that the model produces
realistic whitecap fractions without any tuning of the whitecapping
source term. Finally, we estimate the polynya-area-integrated wind
input, energy dissipation due to whitecapping, and whitecap fraction to
be on average below 25\%, 10\% and 30\%, respectively, of the
corresponding open-water values.%
\end{abstract}%



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