Cell Representative Species Advantages Limitations Pathogenic Mechanisms
Macrophage Primary Macrophages (Human/Mouse) Resemble cells’ physiological state; preserve characteristics and functions; ready for immediate use. Tedious extraction process; unreliable sources; limited in vitro expansion; some primary cells require induction for use. Inflammation, cell pyroptosis, macrophage activation, etc.
Human Peripheral Blood Monocyte Cell Line (THP-1 Cell Line) Similar morphology and functional features as primary human monocytes (including cell differentiation markers); in a macrophage-like state. Alternative cell lines exhibit some characteristics of primary cells, but their structure, barrier properties, and cell phenotype are markedly different. Inflammation, cell autophagy, and cell apoptosis, etc.
Mouse Alveolar Macrophage Cell Line (MH-S Cell Line) Retains many characteristics of alveolar macrophages, including typical macrophage morphology; adhesive, phagocytic, esterase-positive, and peroxidase-negative.
Mouse Macrophage Cell Line (RAW264.7 Cell Line) Circular or elliptical, darker in color, firmly adherent; exhibits strong phagocytic ability; enhanced pseudopod formation and climbing ability.