Literature cited
Altmann J. 1974. Observational study of behaviour: Sampling methods.
Behaviour 49:227-267
Anderson R, Waayers R, Knight A. 2016. Orca behaviour and subsequent
aggression associated with oceanarium confinement. Animals. 6(8):1–16.
doi:10.3390/ani6080049.
Bercovitch FB. 2020. A comparative perspective on the evolution of
mammalian reactions to dead conspecifics. Primates. 61(1):21–28.
doi:10.1007/s10329-019-00722-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-019-00722-3.
Carter AJ, Baniel A, Cowlishaw G, Huchard E, Carter AJ. 2020. Baboon
thanatology : responses of filial and non-filial group members to
infants ’ corpses.
Chalcraft VJ. 2015. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS FOR ELEPHANTS. Animals and
the Environment: Advocacy, activism, and the quest for common ground:94.
Chartier L, Zimmermann A, Ladle RJ. 2011. Habitat loss and
human-elephant conflict in Assam, India: Does a critical threshold
exist? Oryx. 45(4):528–533. doi:10.1017/S0030605311000044.
Cosmides L, Tooby J. 2000. Evolutionary Psychology and the Emotions.
Douglas-Hamilton I, Douglas-Hamilton O. 1975. Among the Elephants. The
Viking Press, New York
Douglas-hamilton I, Bhalla S. 2006. Behavioural reactions of elephants
towards a dying and deceased matriarch §. 100:87–102.
doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.014.
Fernández-fueyo E, Sugiyama Y, Matsui T, Carter AJ, Fernández-fueyo E,
Carter AJ. 2021. Why do some primate mothers carry their infant ’ s
corpse ? A cross-species comparative study.
Gil MA, Baskett ML, Munch SB, Hein AM. 2020. Fast behavioural feedbacks
make ecosystems sensitive to pace and not just magnitude of
anthropogenic environmental change. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences. 117(41): 25580-25589.
Goldenberg SZ, Wittemyer G. 2019. Elephant behaviour toward the dead :
A review and insights from field observations. Primates.
doi:10.1007/s10329-019-00766-5.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-019-00766-5.
Goswami VR, Medhi K, Nichols JD, Oli MK. 2015. Mechanistic understanding
of human-wildlife conflict through a novel application of dynamic
occupancy models. Conservation Biology. 29(4):1100–1110.
doi:10.1111/cobi.12475.
Hawley CR, Beirne C, Meier A, Poulsen JR. 2016. FIELD NOTES Conspecific
investigation of a deceased forest elephant ( Loxodonta cyclotis ).
Kshettry A, Vaidyanathan S, Sukumar R, Athreya V. 2020. Looking beyond
protected areas: Identifying conservation compatible landscapes in
agro-forest mosaics in north-eastern India. Global Ecology and
Conservation. 22(June):e00905. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00905.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00905.
Leimgruber P, Gagnon JB, Wemmer C, Kelly DS, Songer MA, Selig ER. 2003.
Fragmentation of Asia’s remaining wildlands: Implications for Asian
elephant conservation. Animal Conservation. 6(4):347–359.
doi:10.1017/S1367943003003421.
MoEF. 2017. Synchronized elephant population estimation India. Ministry
of environment, forest and climate change, government of India.
Available at http://www. indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/
Synchronized Elephant Population Estimation India 2017.pdf (accessed on
5 January 2020).
Macdonald DW, Boitani L, Dinerstein E, Fritz H, Wrangham R. 2013.
Conserving large mammals: are they a special case?
Mar KU, Lahdenpera M, Lummaa V. 2012. Causes and Correlates of Calf
Mortality in Captive Asian Elephants ( Elephas maximus ). 7(3):1–9.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032335.
McComb K, Baker L, Moss C. 2006. African elephants show high levels of
interest in the skulls and ivory of their own species. Biol Lett
2:26–28. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0400
Naha D, Dash SK, Chettri A, Roy A. 2020. Elephants in the
neighborhood : patterns of crop-raiding by Asian elephants within a
fragmented landscape of Eastern India. doi:10.7717/peerj.9399.
Palkopoulou E, Lipson M, Mallick S, Nielsen S, Rohland N, Baleka S.
2018. A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants.
115(11). doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115.
Pokharel SS, Sharma N. 2022. Viewing the rare through public lenses :
insights into dead calf carrying and other thanatological responses in
Asian elephants using YouTube videos.
Roy M, Sukumar R. 2015. Elephant Corridors in Northern West
Bengal. Gajah , (43).
Roy A, Dash SK, Sathyakumar S. 2022. A Combination of Cultural Values
and Economic Benefits Promote Tolerance Towards Large Mammals in a
Hotspot of Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Eastern India. Human Ecology.
50(2):321–329. doi:10.1007/s10745-022-00306-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-022-00306-8.
Rutherford L, Murray LE. 2020. Personality and behavioural changes in
Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus ) following the death of herd members.
(Moss 2012):1–19. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12476.
Sharma N, Sharma S, Shiro P, Raman K. 2019. Behavioural responses of
free ‑ ranging Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus ) towards dying and
dead conspecifics. Primates.(0123456789).
doi:10.1007/s10329-019-00739-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-019-00739-8.
Sih A, Ferrari MCO, Harris DJ. 2011. Evolution and behavioural responses
to human-induced rapid environmental change. Evolutionary Applications.
4(2):367–387. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00166.x.
Sikes SK. 1971. The natural history of the African Elephant. American
Elsevier Publishing Company Inc, New York
Silva S De, Schmid V, Wittemyer G. 2017. Fission – fusion processes
weaken dominance networks of female Asian elephants in a productive
habitat. 28:243–252. doi:10.1093/beheco/arw153.
Stephan C, Bahamboula JJD, Brncic TM. 2020. Responses to a poached
conspecific in wild forest elephants ( Loxodonta africana cyclotis ).
157:823–833. doi:10.1163/1568539X-bja10025.
Sukumar R. 1989. Ecology of the asian elephant in southern india. i.
movement and habitat utilization patterns. Journal of Tropical Ecology.
5(1):1–18. doi:10.1017/S0266467400003175.
Sukumar R. 2006. A brief review of the status, distribution and biology
of wild Asian elephants Elephas maximus. International Zoo Yearbook.
40(1):1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00001.x.
Watson CFI, Matsuzawa T. 2018. Behaviour of nonhuman primate mothers
toward their dead infants : uncovering mechanisms.
Watts DP. 2019. Responses to dead and dying conspecifics and
heterospecifics by wild mountain gorillas ( Gorilla beringei beringei )
and chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ).
Primates.(0123456789). doi:10.1007/s10329-019-00735-y.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-019-00735-y.
Xaxa V. 2019. ‘Need for Restructuring the Tea Plantation System in
India’. Economic and Political Weekly, LIV: 31-36.
Young J, Richards C, Fischer A, Halada L, Kull T, Kuzniar A, Tartes U,
Uzunov Y, Watt A, Clare Gupta a, et al. 2007. People, parks and poverty:
Political ecology and biodiversity conservation. Land Use Policy.
51(4):215–228. doi:10.1111/brv.12326. [accessed 2021 Feb 24].
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.11.008.
Table 1: Details of postmortem reports of the four deceased elephant
calves