ii) Gregarious larvae use specialised host plant ranges, but not
morphologies
Solitary larvae feed on a greater variety of host species than
gregarious larvae (P-mean = -0.920, 95% CI -1.622 - -0.235,PMCMC = 0.015, Figure 1B). After omittingPassiflora hosts used by fewer than four larval species from the
data, we found that P. pedata , which is host to five Heliconiini
species, is more likely to be used by solitary larvae. Additionally, we
found that more frequently used hosts by all larvae tend to grow in
forest edge habitats (P-mean = 2.741, 95% CI 0.878 – 4.451,PMCMC = 0.004, Table A2). Contrary to our
predictions, we did not identify any interactions between specific host
plant traits, including leaf size, and larval social behaviour (Table
A2, Figure 2). We also found no interaction between adult wingspan and
host leaf size across gregarious larvae (P-mean = -0.022, 95% CI -0.572
– 0.532, PMCMC = 0.951).