ii) Gregarious larvae use specialised host plant ranges, but not morphologies
Solitary larvae feed on a greater variety of host species than gregarious larvae (P-mean = -0.920, 95% CI -1.622 - -0.235,PMCMC = 0.015, Figure 1B). After omittingPassiflora hosts used by fewer than four larval species from the data, we found that P. pedata , which is host to five Heliconiini species, is more likely to be used by solitary larvae. Additionally, we found that more frequently used hosts by all larvae tend to grow in forest edge habitats (P-mean = 2.741, 95% CI 0.878 – 4.451,PMCMC = 0.004, Table A2). Contrary to our predictions, we did not identify any interactions between specific host plant traits, including leaf size, and larval social behaviour (Table A2, Figure 2). We also found no interaction between adult wingspan and host leaf size across gregarious larvae (P-mean = -0.022, 95% CI -0.572 – 0.532, PMCMC = 0.951).