Several research efforts have been devoted to understanding the impact covid-19 on different works of life in Nigeria and beyond. In addition to conceptual presentation on the possible effect of covid-19 on households’ livelihood, similar empirical studies were conducted. For instance, Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition- GAIN (2021) examines the impact of covid-19 on Nigeria’s Food Systems.

The results show that 15 months after the first cases of covid-19 were recorded in Nigeria households are still struggling with the effects of covid-19 control measures, including income losses, trade disruptions and increasing food prices. In addition to covid-19 related disruptions, the food system is being disrupted by increasing incidence of communal conflicts, the presence of militant groups, violent clashes between herders and farmers, banditry, kidnappings and Boko Haram who recently attacked and hoisted their flag in some villages in Northern Nigeria. Their activity contributes to food insecurity by disrupting food production and supply chains. As unemployment correlates positively with crime, these developments were likely exacerbated by covid-19, as the loss of livelihoods and income-earning opportunities caused by the pandemic may have driven many youths to join criminal groups. SMEs are indirectly affected by shortages in supplies of agricultural products, continued decreased consumer spending and persistent restrictions. Given the absence of active commodity exchanges and significant food reserve storage systems, the disruptions to crop production create a supply shock that translates into high food prices.

World Bank (2020) analyzed the economic policy response to the covid-19 crisis in a global scenario. Result also shows that lower-income countries increasingly find themselves locked out of global financial markets, even as they face capital outflows and deteriorating remittances. In addition to the demand shortfall and financial stress, the covid-19 crisis also involves a major supply shock. Internationally, supply chains threaten to break down, which may result in shortages of key inputs and higher food prices. An important difference from previous crises is the potential for a recurrent return of the supply shock until a vaccine is developed. This threat weighs on the prospects for recovery. Domestically, the study reveals that, social distancing measures and lockdowns, which many countries have implemented in some form to stave off the contagion, reduce both labour supply and demand, as well as increase transaction costs.

UNDP (2020) examined the socioeconomic impact of the covid-19 Pandemic in North Eastern Nigeria. The results indicated that covid-19 crisis worsen the difficult situation in particular for communities residing in the study area. Livelihoods have been disrupted by the armed conflict and both production systems and households in the region remain fragile to external shocks.

In addition, the findings show that the ongoing crisis continues to have a profound impact on the population with an estimated 7.1 million people in need of humanitarian assistance in Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe states (BAY). The covid-19 pandemic has resulted in a slowdown in production and intra- and interregional agricultural trade in the North-East, including the movement of key agricultural commodities, thus region’s food supply chains were fully affected.

Balana et al., (2020) conducted a mobile phone descriptive survey on effects of covid-19 pandemic policies on the incomes, employment, and food security situation of smallholder farming households using data collected from sample households in four Nigerian states. The findings indicate that 88 percent of the households reported that they lost about 50 percent of their income due to the pandemic. As a result, about 66 percent of respondents reported they reduced food consumption during the period. Travel and movement restrictions caused disruptions in agricultural activities and supply chains, as 29 percent of respondents reported planting fewer crops, 24 percent reduced cropping area, and 24 percent reduced fertilizer application.

In terms of household’s food security, results show that covid-19 significantly worsened the food security situation of many households in Nigeria, especially poorer households. More than 80 percent of respondents worried about not having enough food and 77 percent ate less food than they thought they should. Survey households also reported a significant reduction of consumption of proteins (eggs, meat, and dairy products) and fruits since the pandemic struck.

Hossain (2021) estimated the covid-19 impacts on employment and livelihood of marginal People in Bangladesh. The results indicate that the pandemic has created tremendous negative impacts on the livelihood of the marginal population in Bangladesh. Many people working in the informal sector have lost their job and income due to the ongoing pandemic. Unemployment and poverty among the people in both urban and rural areas throughout the country have increased. The success in economic growth in the last few decades could not save poor people to become extreme poor because economic prosperity was not inclusive in Bangladesh.

Adebayo and Milu (2020) impact of covid-19 on food systems and rural livelihoods in Nigeria using a stratified random sample of 110 respondent households drawn from five Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Ogun (Ijebu East, Obafemi Owode, and ImekoAfon) and Kaduna (Chikun and Soba) State. The findings show that movement restrictions resulted in reduced availability and high cost of farm labour, which in turn, resulted in a decline in land area cultivated. The ability of farmers to sell their produce declined due to covid-19 restrictions on the movement of traders from outside the communities, resulting in over-supply and lower farm gate prices. Only about half of households engaged their children in schoolwork during the covid-19 lockdown. Religious organizations were the most common source of assistance, but the majority of households did not get any form of covid-19 related assistance. The majority of households reported decreased availability and higher prices of food items in the covid-19 period. The majority of households experienced a decline in consumption of healthy and nutritious food in terms of frequency, quantity and quality.

Hawa and Park (2022) examined how coronavirus disease has impacted FDI, using the quarterly data on bilateral FDI flows 173 home to 192 host countries from the first quarter of 2019 to the second quarter of 2021. The study measure the severity of covid-19 damages using three indicators – the number of confirmed cases, the number of deaths and the stringency index of government policies that restricts peoples activities. The results find that the severity of covid-19 in host countries adversely affected FDI in the manufacturing sector, while the effect of home countries has significantly negative impact on Greenfield FDI.

Ogundipe, Festo and Ajayi (2021) investigated the effect of covid-19 pandemic on FDI flows into Nigeria from the third quarter of 2020. Using quarterly data and applying trend analysis. Findings shows that FDI flows have been on decline over the years.

Henry (2021) examined the impact of covid-19 on Economic Growth in Nigeria. Using cross sectional survey research design and a mix-method was used in collecting the data; cronbach alpha was used to assure its reliability. The secondary data was analysed using a one sample t-test and least squares method. Findings revealed that the covid-19 induced lockdown has significantly constrained economic activities and the circular flow of income and impacted negatively on economic growth. The study recommends the need for policy makers to take drastic measures to curtail the pandemic and forestall a recession.

Nweze and Nnadi (2021) investigated the effect of covid-19 lockdown on the Nigerian economy. Using survey design and structured questionnaires administered to Nigerians of different ranks in the states in Nigeria. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested using Godden statistical tool for analysis. Findings revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between covid-19 economic lockdown and Nigerian economy, the study also shows that government policy has a significant positive effect on curb the economy of Nigeria. The study recommends that government policies along with other covid-19 activities should be strictly observed in practice.

Hawa and Park (2022) examined how coronavirus disease has impacted FDI, using the quarterly data on bilateral FDI flows 173 home to 192 host countries from the first quarter of 2019 to the second quarter of 2021. The study measure the severity of covid-19 damage using three indicators – the number of confirmed cases, the number of deaths and the stringency index of government policies that restricts peoples activities. The result find that the severity of covid-19 in host countries adversely affected FDI in the manufacturing sector, while the effect of home countries has significantly negative impact on Greenfield FDI.

Ogundipe, Festo and Ajayi (2021) investigated the effect of covid-19 pandemic on FDI flows into Nigeria from the third quarter of 2020. Using quarterly data and applying trend analysis. Findings shows that FDI flows have been on decline over the years.

Henry (2021) examined the impact of covid-19 on Economic Growth in Nigeria. Using cross sectional survey research design and a mix-method was used in collecting the data, cronbach alpha was used to assure its reliability. The secondary data was analysed using a one sample t-test and least squares method. Findings revealed that the covid-19 induced lockdown has significantly constrained economic activities and the circular flow of income and impacted negatively on economic growth. The study recommends the need for policy makers to take drastic measures to curtail the pandemic and forestall a recession.

Nweze and Nnadi (2021) investigated the effect of covid-19 lockdown on the Nigerian economy. Using survey design and structured questionnaires administered to Nigerians of different ranks in the states in Nigeria. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested using Godden statistical tool for analysis. Findings revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between covid-19 economic lockdown and Nigerian economy, the study also shows that government policy has a significant positive effect on curb the economy of Nigeria. The study recommends that government policies along with other covid-19 activities should be strictly observed in practice.