Figure 4b
Figure 4. Interval plot of postbiotic strains compared to placebo for the efficacy outcome in standardized mean difference (SMD) (a) and safety outcome in relative risk (RR) (b). The plot shows the strain-specific SMD for efficacy and RR for safety and their respective 95% confidence interval. For SMD, comparisons with negative treatment effect estimates at the left of the no-effect line (SMD = 0) favor the postbiotic strain, whereas positive treatment effect measures at the right favor the reference treatment, placebo. Relative risk and 95% CI less than 1 is indicative of the superiority of the intervention over placebo in terms of safety, whereas relative risk and 95% CI greater than 1 indicate that the treatment intervention is inferior to placebo.