Occurrence data mining
After confirming the records in Ecuador as Gonipterus platensis,we generated a database of 347 occurrence records of this species available in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF.org, 2022; www.gbif.org; https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.8mwpht). The occurrence dataset included few records from the native range of G. platensis in Australia (N = 9; GBIF.org, 2022; www.gbif.org; https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.26tsqw). Therefore, we focused on characterizing the potential distribution of the species only using records from the invaded range in South America. Occurrence records were then verified to ensure georeferencing accuracy, first, by excluding localities without spatial reference and duplicates, and then, by visual examination mapping using the packages sp (Pebesma & Bivand, 2005) and maptools (Bivand & Lewin-Koh, 2022) in R v3.6.3 (R Core Team, 2022). Finally, occurrences were rarefied to an extent of >5 km spatial distance from each other using the R packageraster (Hijmans, 2023). The 5 km spatial buffer matched the resolution of the environmental data (see below), and thinning occurrence datasets helps reduce bias when modeling the distribution of invasive species (Elith et al., 2010). The final species occurrence dataset of G. platensis included 52 unique localities that were used for modeling. Data are available for download in Zenodo (doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7818068).