Citation
Target Scent (Material)
Sensitivity (Trial Setting)
Precision (Trial Setting)
Study Type
Blinding
Compared To
No. of Dogs Used (Trained)
Operational Experience of CDD
Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) (scat) N/A NS F N/A Human 3 NS
Asian longhorn beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), Citrus longhorn beetle (Anoplophora chinensis) 80.4% (lab), 87.8% (controlled field), 95.3% (field) NS TT Double N/A 2 2-3 years
Rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) (scat) 66.7% (lab) NS TT Double N/A 4 (5) NS
Bat species 71%-81% (TT: field) NS Both NS Human 2 NS
West European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) N/A 100% F N/A Infra-red thermal camera, Spotlight survey 1 NS
Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) (scat) N/A NS F N/A Human 2 9 years (collective)
Black bear (Ursus americanus), Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), Cougar (Puma concolor), Grey wolf (Canis lupus) (scat) N/A 98.6% F N/A N/A 4 NS
Storm petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus), Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus) 86.5% (field 1), 62.6% (field 2) 67%-100% (lab 1), 50%-100% (lab 2), 97.5% (field 1) TT Double N/A 2 NS
Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) (scat) N/A NS F N/A N/A 2 NS
Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), Marlborough green gecko (Naultinus manukanus), Forest gecko (Mokopirirakau granulatus) NS 76.9% (lab, gecko), 88.9% (lab, tuatara) TT Double (tester present) N/A 13 (20) 3 days-8 years
Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) 91% (surface), 86% (burrow 1), 100% (burrow 2) 50% (surface), 68% (burrow 1), 69% (burrow 2) TT Double Human 2 NS
Bat species (roosts, guano) 78.6% (controlled field, guano), 28.6% (controlled field, roost) NS TT NS Radio telemetry 2 NS
Bobcat (Lynx rufus) (scat) N/A 62.8% F N/A Camera-trapping NS NS
Wolf (scat) N/A 84.38% F N/A Camera-trapping, Audio recorders 3 NS
Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) (scat) 97% (field, leash) to 100% (field, off leash) N/A TT Double Human 1 NS
Bush dog (Speothos venaticus) N/A NS F N/A N/A 1 NS
Jaguar (Panthera onca), Puma, Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), Oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus) (scat) N/A 92.4% F N/A N/A 1 NS
Bat and bird species 77.3% (field) NS TT Single Human 3 NS
Franklin’s ground squirrel (Poliocitellus franklinii) NS 44%-67% (F, indication only, 1 dog to both), 59%-83% (F, indication and behaviour change, 1 dog to both) Both Double Live trapping 2 NS
Brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) 61.9% (field) NS TT Double N/A NS NS
Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) (scat) 92% (TT: field) 98% (TT: field), 92% (F) Both Double N/A 2 >1 year
Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) (eggs) 100% (TT: field) NS Both NS N/A 3 NS
Jaguar (scat) N/A 93%-100% F N/A Capture, Camera-trapping NS NS
Feral cat (Felis catus) N/A NS F N/A Camera-trapping 2 5-7 years
Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) 81% (field) 94% (field) TT Double Human 3 1-6 years
Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), American mink (Neogale vison) (scat) 100% (lab) 85% (lab, mink) to 97% (lab, otter) TT Double Human 4 NS
Sheep (Ovis aries) (remains) 23.8% (TT: field) NS Both NS Human 16 NS
Bobcat (scat) N/A 89%-91% F N/A Hair snare, Scent station, Camera-trapping 1 NS
Golden jackal (Canis aureus) (scat) N/A 73% F N/A Bioacoustic stimulation 2 NS
Cheetah (scat) 45%, 75%, 93.3% (field, dog only, human VS dog, ‘effective transect area’) 100% (field, human VS dog) TT Double (tester present) Human 1 8 years
Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) (scat) N/A 30.8% F N/A Camera-trapping 2 NS
Asian longhorn beetle 75%-88.1% (field), 85%-92.6% (lab) NS TT Double N/A 18 Several months-6 years
Hermann tortoise (Testudo hermanni) 75% (field 1), 100% (field 2) NS TT NS Human 6 NS
Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) N/A NS F N/A Human NS NS
Moose (Alces alces) (scat) N/A 28% F N/A N/A 2 NS
Bumble bee species (nests) NS NS TT NS N/A 3 NS
Black bear, Fisher, Bobcat (scat) N/A NS F N/A Camera-trapping, Hair snare 5 NS
Black bear, Fisher, Bobcat (scat) N/A NS F N/A N/A 5 NS
Bat species 75% (field) NS TT Double Human 2 NS
Giant bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus) 87% (lab) 84% (lab) TT Double N/A 1 NS
Feral cat N/A NS F N/A Leg-hold trapping 2 NS
Hermit beetle (Osmoderma eremita) 55%-84% (field) NS TT Double N/A 1 NS
Tall Daisy (Brachyscome diversifolia) 100% (lab) 85%-100% (lab) TT Double (tester present) N/A 8 NS
Bumble bee species (nests) 79% (TT: controlled field) 75% (TT: controlled field) Both Double Human 1 NS
Red brocket (Mazama americana), Grey brocket (Mazama gouazoubira), Small red brocket (Mazama Bororo) (scat) 29% (field) NS TT NS Human 1 NS
Western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor), Indochinese grey langurs (Trachypithecus crepusculus), Stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) (scat) N/A 81% (including unidentified), 92% (excluding unidentified) F N/A Human 1 NS
Bat and bird species 99% (field) 100% (field) TT NS Human 1 NS
Prey remains of Grey wolves, Black bear, Coyote (Canis latrans), Bobcat N/A NS F N/A Human 3 NS
Mountain lion, Bobcat, Domestic cat, Red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Grey fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), Kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) (scat) 68% (field, dog 1), 77% (field, dog 2) NS TT Single N/A 2 NS
Black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) 82.5% (field) 100% (field) TT Double Spotlight survey 2 NS
Koloa (Anas wyvilliana) (carcasses infected with avian botulism) 82% (field 1), 77% (field 2 timed) NS TT Double Human, All-terrain vehicle (ATV) 4 <1-4 years
North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) (scat) N/A NS F N/A Human 3 NS
Alpine stonefly (Thaumatoperla alpina) 100% (TT: lab) 87.5% (TT: lab) Both Double N/A 4 NS
Pyrenean brown bear (Ursus arctos) (scat) N/A 100% F N/A Human 1 NS
Bat and bird species 96% (field, bats), 90% (field, birds) NS TT Double Human NS NS
San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) (scat) NS 100% (F) Both Double Human 4 (7) <1-2 years
Blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia silus) (scat) N/A 82.4% F N/A N/A 3 NS
Eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi) 91% (TT: field) NS Both Double N/A 1 NS
Black-tailed antechinus (Antechinus arktos) NS 100% (F, TT: field) Both N/A Camera-trapping, live capture 1 NS
Bilby (Macrotis lagotis) (scat) 98.9% (field) 100% (field) TT Double Human 1 NS
Fisher (Pekania pennanti) (scat) N/A 55.4% F N/A N/A NS NS
Kindcaid’s Lupine (Lupinus sulphureus subsp. kincaidii) 98.8% (field) 97.5% (field) TT Single N/A 3 2-8.5 years
Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), Puma, Jaguar, Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), Giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus) (scat) N/A 71.1% F N/A N/A NS NS
Grizzly bear, Black bear (scat) N/A NS F N/A N/A 5 NS
Bumble bee species (nests) 100% (TT: controlled field) 100% (TT: controlled field) Both Double N/A 1 NS
Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta), Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) (eggs) NS 100% (field 1), 98.8% (field 2) TT NS N/A 1 NS