RESULTS
In the present study, 1,581 WGS of dengue virus collected between January 1944 to July 2022 were evaluated. The distribution of the WGS were: Southeast Asia (n=361; 22.8%), North America (n=313; 19.8%), South America (n=288; 18.2%), China (n=168; 10.6%), South Asia (n=153; 9.7%), Oceania (n=148; 9.4%), Africa (n=89; 5.6%), West Asia (n=28; 1.8%), Japan/Korea (n=19; 1.2%), and Europe (n=14; 0.9%).Table 1 shows the distribution of WGS by country, the most frequent were: Thailand (n=198), Brazil (n=151), USA (n=136), China (n=129), India (n=92), Nicaragua (n=85), Venezuela (n=64), New Caledonia (n=59), Singapore (n=46), Taiwan (n=39), and Mexico (n=38). The correlation between the nucleotide divergence and the years of sequence collection was positive (R2 = 0.91; p<0.01) (Figure 1 ). Dengue virus substitution rates was 5.34E10‐4 (HPD 95%: 4.53E10‐4 to 6.85E10‐6) nucleotides per site per year (s/s/y).
Figure 2 shows the phylogenetic tree of dengue virus WGS in the world by serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4). The tMRCA of DENV-1 was 1884-11-15 (HPD95%: 1882-01-28; 1890-08-27) in Southeast Asia, DENV-2 was 1723-01-29 (HPD95%: 1714-05-22; 1728-10-09) in Europe, DENV-3 was 1921-04-12 (HPD95%: 1918-05-25; 1924-03-13) in Southeast Asia, and DENV-4 was 1876-03-28 (HPD95%: 1865-08-02; 1899-08-27) in Southeast Asia.
Phylogeographic data demonstrate the origin of dengue virus serotypes that circulated in the world (Figure 3 ). The molecular origin of the dengue virus was in Spain in 1682 (BF=38), later it was disseminated in Asia (Indonesia in 1838; BF=15) and Oceania (Papua New Guinea in 1844, BF=13). After this period, the virus spread to Asia (Malaysia, BF=13; India, BF=28; and China BF=30 in 1890) and in North America (USA; BF=35 in 1895).
In South America, it was first disseminated to Ecuador in 1897 (BF=15) and then to Brazil in 1910 (BF=38). During this same period there were disseminations to American countries such as the USA (BF=35) in 1915, Mexico (BF=20) in 1916, Puerto Rico (BF=18) in 1920, Cuba (BF=15) in 1922, Haiti (BF=10) in 1925, Nicaragua (BF=11) in 1925, El Salvador (BF=15) in 1928, Costa Rica (BF=18) in 1930, Panama (BF=17) in 1930, Jamaica (BF=7) in 1931, Trinidad and Tobago (BF=9) in 1932, Venezuela (BF=19) in 1932, French Guiana (BF=6) in 1934, Colombia (BF=15) in 1936, Peru (BF=13) in 1936, Paraguay (BF=11) in 1937, and Argentina (BF=7) in 1937 (Figure 3 ).
Dengue virus was initially disseminated in the African continent in 1917-04-07 (HPD95%: 1910-03-21; 1925-05-09), first in Senegal (BF=14) and after in Mauritania (BF=8) in 1919, Guinea-Bissau (BF=7) in 1920, Ivory Coast (BF=10) in 1922, Burkina Faso (BF=8) in 1925, Benin (BF=6), Cameroon (BF=5) in 1925, Gabon (BF=9) in 1926, Kenya (BF=14) in 1929, Djibouti (BF=7) in 1930, Somalia (BF=10) in 1930, Angola (BF=11) in 1932, Tanzania (BF=12) in 1934, and Mozambique (BF=6) in 1935. In Europe low dissemination occurred and this process initially was in Spain (BF=12) in 1682, France (BF=7) in 1938, Italy (BF=8) in 1955, Germany (BF=7) in 1957, and Portugal (BF=11) in 1965. Dissemination in Middle Eastern countries has been detected in countries such as Saudi Arabia (BF=18) in 1945 and Pakistan (BF=11) in 1947. In Asia, dengue virus was detected in Indonesia (BF=15) in 1838, India (BF=28) in 1842, Sri Lanka (BF=6) in 1845, Nepal (BF=7) in 1845, Bangladesh (BF=9) in 1846, Myanmar (BF=10) in 1848, Laos (BF=9) in 1850, Thailand (BF=25) in 1854, Vietnam (BF=9) in 1858, Malaysia (BF=13) in 1860, Taiwan (BF=10) in 1861, Philippines (BF=12) in 1864, Singapore (BF=18) in 1865, China (BF=30) in 1867, South Korea (BF=13) in 1867, and Japan (BF=14) in 1869. In Oceania was detected in Papua New Guinea (BF=13) in 1838, Australia (BF=17) in 1850, New Caledonia (BF=8) in 1855, Fiji (BF=8) in 1857, Tonga (BF=6) in 1860, Samoa (BF=6) in 1862, Cook Island (BF=7) in 1865, and French Polynesian (BF=6) in 1870 (Figure 3 )