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\begin{document}

\title{Comparing two strategies of counter-defence against plant toxins: A
modeling study on plant-herbivore interactions}



\author[1]{Suman Chakraborty}%
\author[2]{Jonathan Gershenzon}%
\author[1]{Stefan Schuster}%
\affil[1]{Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena}%
\affil[2]{Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology}%


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  \date{June 14, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Various herbivorous insects prefer plants of the Brassicaceae family as
their hosts, although they are toxic. The two-component chemical defence
system of the Brassicaceae against herbivores consists of glucosinolates
(GLS) and the activating enzyme myrosinase. GLS hydrolysis by myrosinase
leads to isothiocyanate (ITC) products, which are toxic and deterrent to
many insect herbivores. Some insects that feed on Brassicaceae, however,
have evolved specific adaptations (called counter-defences) against GLS.
Two different types of counter-defences can be distinguished: a
preemptive counter-defence that prevents the GLS from being hydrolysed
to ITC due to metabolic redirection and direct counter-defence, where
the ITC is formed, but then metabolized to a non-toxic conjugate.
Preemptive counter-defence is believed to be more efficient due to the
lower exposure to ITC, but this has not been well demonstrated
experimentally. Here, we prove on theoretical grounds that preemptive
counter-defence reduces exposure to ITC compared to direct
counter-defence by studying the dynamics of GLS defence and
counter-defence with two separate ordinary differential equation models.
By quantifying the specific ITC concentrations that herbivores are
exposed to during feeding with the two types of counter-defences, we
show that herbivores with a preemptory detoxification system are less
exposed to ITC. In addition, our models explain how the decline in the
level of ITC is achieved by both counter-defences, which helps to
understand the overall mechanisms and benefits of these techniques.%
\end{abstract}%



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