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\begin{document}

\title{Fault-Related Thermal Springs: Water Origin and Hydrogeochemical
Processes at Liqui\selectlanguage{ngerman}ñe Area (Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile)\selectlanguage{english}}



\author[1,1]{Linda Daniele}%
\author[1,1]{Matías Taucare}%
\author[2,2]{Tomas Roquer}%
\author[1,1]{Benoît Viguier}%
\author[2,2]{Josefa Sepúlveda}%
\author[2,2]{Eduardo Molina}%
\author[3,3]{Gloria Arancibia}%
\author[4,4]{Diego Aravena}%
\author[4,4]{Mauricio Muñoz}%
\author[2,2]{Jorge G. F. Crempien}%
\author[5,5]{Antonio Delgado-Huertas}%
\author[1,1]{Diego Morata}%
\affil[1]{Universidad de Chile}%
\affil[2]{Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile}%
\affil[3]{Universidad Catolica de Chile}%
\affil[4]{Andean Geothermal Center of Excellence (CEGA)}%
\affil[5]{Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR)}%


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  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Geothermal activity in the Chilean Southern Volcanic Zone is strongly
controlled by the regional Liqui\selectlanguage{ngerman}ñe-Ofqui Fault System (LOFS) and the
Andean Transverse Faults (ATF). We analyzed fifteen thermal springs in
the Liquiñe area to assess the origin and the main physicochemical
processes related to the LOFS and ATF.

Major, minor and trace elements identify two defined clusters spatially
related to the regional fault systems. In both clusters, ionic
relationships suggest that the principal hydrogeochemical processes are
mainly dominated by water-rock interactions. Factorial analysis provided
two factors: i) F1 (65.1\%), saturated by Cl, HCO, Na, SiO, Li, B and
Cs, represents water-rock interaction processes driven by temperature in
presence of CO; ii) F2 (28.5\%) represented by SO and Mo, represents a
minor water-rock interaction enhanced by the presence of HS. Samples
associated to the LOFS have high scores of both factors, while those
from the ATF have only high factor 1 scores. Ionic ratios compared with
literature data, clearly identify the samples spatially associated to
the LOFS from the ones associated to the ATF with a fuzzy pattern.

Water stable isotopes values suggest a meteoric origin with small
deviations from local meteoric isotopic line. CO exchange with slightly
high and low temperature water rocks interaction is present in most of
the samples.

Our results indicate that groundwater circulation along faults is a
complex process where different constraints influence the final
hydeogeochemistry and reaction intensity. Finally, the established
processes at Liquiñe area are not upscalable at the whole Southern
Volcanic Zone.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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