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\begin{document}

\title{Mangrove ecosystems in the coastal zone of Kutch, western India, used
for traditional pastoralism: effects of climate change and social
conditions on long-term biomass variability}



\author[1,1]{Nobuhito Ohte}%
\author[1,1]{Nobuhito Ohte}%
\author[1,1]{Kai Yamamoto}%
\author[1,1]{Ranit Chatterjee}%
\author[2,2]{Pankaj Joshi}%
\author[3,3]{Shilpi Srivastava}%
\author[3,3]{Lyla Mehta}%
\affil[1]{Kyoto University}%
\affil[2]{Sahjeevan}%
\affil[3]{Institute of Development Studies}%


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  \date{June 15, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Mangroves cover a large area of the coastal region of Kutch in the state
of Gujarat in western India. The Maldharis, the inhabitants of this
region, have been using mangrove forests for traditional livelihoods
such as the rearing of Kharai camel, which feeds mainly on mangrove
leaves. The objective of our interdisciplinary project is to explore
direction of changes for the sustainability of this community. Since the
linkage between the ecosystem services of the mangrove forests and the
traditional pastoralism of this community is one important aspect to
consider, a clear description of the historical evolution of this
ecosystem is an important step for basic information. In addition to
collecting narrative-based information from communities, we are using
satellite remote sensing data to develop a quantitative description of
mangrove biomass since the 1980s. Using Landsat multispectral imageries,
we calculated spatial averages of NDVI for several target forest
components. The overall NDVI of mangrove forests in the region has
increased from 1988 to the present, suggesting an increase in biomass.
However, it has been decreasing from the late 1990s to the early 2000s.
The most likely reason is that the low precipitation (drought) in the
late 1990s to early 2000s increased the salinity of soil and
groundwater, which in turn increased water stress. Contrastingly, the
lack of significant changes in NDVI due to a single year of drought
suggests that mangrove forests are resilient to drought. On the other
hand, it is inferred that several factors were involved in the increase
of NDVI since the early 2000s. Two of these factors are the higher
precipitation during this period and the fact that the Forest Department
has been restricting pastoralists' access to mangrove forests since
2005. These results suggest that climatic conditions and pastoralism
intensity influuence the long-term variation of NDVI values in each
forest segment. This also suggests that local pastoralists harvested
leaves and branches from the mangrove forests as resources but did not
destructively take forest trees. This suggests that the Maldharis base
their livelihood on maintaining the mangrove forests.%
\end{abstract}%



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