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\begin{document}

\title{Mechanisms of shear band formation in heterogeneous materials under
compression: The role of pre-existing mechanical flaws}



\author[1,1]{Manaska Mukhopadhyay}%
\author[1,1]{Arnab Roy}%
\author[1,1]{Nibir Mandal}%
\affil[1]{Jadavpur University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Shear bands critically govern the shear failure processes and associated
many geophysical phenomena, e.g., faulting, in Earth's crust. Earlier
investigations on homogeneous materials recognized temperature and
strain rate as the principal factors controlling the band growth.
However, how inherent mechanical heterogeneities can influence their
growth mechanism and internal structures remained unexplored. From
plane-strain compression experiments on rock analogue models the present
article addresses this issue. It is demonstrated from these experiments
that mechanical heterogeneities dictate the failure to develop wide
bands, localized preferentially in their neighborhood, unlike uniformly
distributed, conjugate sets of closely spaced narrow bands in
homogeneous models. The wide bands eventually attain a composite
structure with a core of densely packed band-parallel sharp secondary
bands, flanked by a linear zone of closely spaced, narrow bands. This
study also reveals the effects of global strain-rate on the band
evolution in heterogeneous systems. Decreasing strain rates replace the
composite bands by well-defined homogeneous shear bands, containing a
core of uniform shear, bordered by narrow zones of weak shear, grading
into completely unstrained walls. Numerical modelling in a
visco-elasto-plastic rheological framework under geological strain-rates
is used to quantify the strain partitioning patterns in the
heterogeneity-controlled transformation of spatially distributed narrow
to localized, wide composite shear bands. The model simulations also
reveal that increasing strain rates facilitates the bands to form
clusters, instead of single wide bands. The article finally provides a
set of field observations to demonstrate the importance of
heterogeneity-driven band mechanics in interpreting macro-scale shear
zones in geological terrains.%
\end{abstract}%



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