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\title{Mechanisms of strain localization and nucleation of earthquake faulting
by grain-scale processes at the middle crustal level}



\author[1]{Chunru Hou}%
\author[1]{Junlai Liu}%
\author[1]{Yuanyuan Zheng}%
\author[1]{Yanqi Sun}%
\author[1]{Tieying Zhang}%
\author[1]{Baojun Zhou}%
\author[1]{Wenkui Fan}%
\affil[1]{China university of Geisciences (Beijing)}%


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  \date{June 16, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Understanding the mechanisms of strain localization is the key to our
understanding of the transition from steady-state flow to unstable flow
in the middle crust. In this paper, studies on deformation of gneisses
sheared at mid-crustal level along the Jinzhou detachment fault zone,
Liaodong peninsula, North China, reveal that biotite grains, as
pre-existing weak-phase, have important influences on deformation of
middle-crustal rocks. High phase strength contrasts between biotite
grains and other mineral phases resulted in stress concentrations during
shearing and occurrences of microcracks at the tips of biotite grains.
Consequently, microcracks are formed either along contacts between high
strength mineral grains or propagate into the mineral grains. The
microcracks filled with biotite grains and fine-grained feldspar
aggregates continue to nucleate, propagate, and coalesce in the rocks,
while basal plane slip and grain boundary sliding (GBS) operate in
biotite grains and fine-grained feldspar aggregates, respectively. These
processes lead to a transition from load-bearing framework (i.e., coarse
plagioclase grains) to interconnected weak phase (i.e., biotite grains
and fine-grained feldspar aggregates), and the formation of incipient
strain localization zones (SLZs). With the propagation and linkage of
the SLZs, high stress concentrations at the tips of SLZs lead to
nucleation of fractures. At the same time, there occurs an abrupt
increase in strain rates that result in the transition from dislocation
creep and GBS (velocity strengthening) to unstable slip (velocity
weakening). The processes are accompanied by occurrence of mid-crustal
earthquakes, and formation of pseudotachylite veins along with SLZs.%
\end{abstract}%



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