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\begin{document}

\title{Designing an Observing System to Study the Surface Biology and Geology
of the Earth in the 2020s}



\author[1]{E. Natasha Stavros}%
\author[2]{Jon Chrone}%
\author[3]{Kerry Cawse-Nicholson}%
\author[4]{Anthony Freeman}%
\author[5]{Nancy F Glenn}%
\author[6]{Liane Guild}%
\author[7]{Raymond Kokaly}%
\author[8]{Christine Lee}%
\author[9]{Jeffrey C. Luvall}%
\author[10]{Ryan Pavlick}%
\author[11]{Benjamin Poulter}%
\author[12]{Stephanie Schollaert Uz}%
\author[13]{Shawn Paul Serbin}%
\author[3]{David Ray Thompson}%
\author[14]{Philip A Townsend}%
\author[15]{Kevin R. Turpie}%
\author[16]{Karen Yuen}%
\author[17]{Kurtis Thome}%
\author[18]{Weile Wang}%
\author[3]{Shannon-Kian Zareh}%
\author[3]{Jamie Nastal}%
\author[3]{David Bearden}%
\author[19]{Charles E. Miller}%
\author[19]{David Schimel}%
\affil[1]{University of Colorado Boulder}%
\affil[2]{NASA Langley Research Center}%
\affil[3]{Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology}%
\affil[4]{Jet Propulsion Lab (NASA)}%
\affil[5]{Boise State University}%
\affil[6]{NASA Ames Research Center}%
\affil[7]{Unknown}%
\affil[8]{NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory}%
\affil[9]{Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA)}%
\affil[10]{California Institute of Technology}%
\affil[11]{NASA}%
\affil[12]{NASA Goddard Space Flight Center}%
\affil[13]{Brookhaven National Laboratory (DOE)}%
\affil[14]{University of Wisconsin-Madison}%
\affil[15]{University of Maryland, Baltimore County}%
\affil[16]{Jet Propulsion Lab}%
\affil[17]{National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)}%
\affil[18]{California State University, Monterey Bay}%
\affil[19]{Jet Propulsion Laboratory}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 13, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Observations of Planet Earth from space are a critical resource for
science and society. Satellite measurements represent very large
investments and United States (US) agencies organize their effort to
maximize the return on that investment. The US National Research Council
conducts a survey of earth science and applications to prioritize
observations for the coming decade. The most recent survey prioritized a
visible to shortwave infrared imaging spectrometer and a multi-spectral
thermal infrared imager to meet a range of needs. First, and perhaps,
foremost, it will be the premier integrated observatory for observing
the emerging impacts of climate change . It will characterize the
diversity of plant life by resolving chemical and physiological
signatures. It will address wildfire, observing pre-fire risk, fire
behavior and post-fire recovery. It will inform responses to hazards and
disasters guiding responses to a wide range of events, including oil
spills, toxic minerals in minelands, harmful algal blooms, landslides
and other geological hazards. The SBG team analyzed needed instrument
characteristics (spatial, temporal and spectral resolution, measurement
uncertainty) and assessed the cost, mass, power, volume, and risk of
different architectures. The Research and Applications team examined
available algorithms, calibration and validation and societal
applications and used end-to-end modeling to assess uncertainty. The
team also identified valuable opportunities for international
collaboration to increase the frequency of revisit through data sharing,
adding value for all partners. Analysis of the science, applications,
architecture and partnerships led to a clear measurement strategy and a
well-defined observing system architecture.%
\end{abstract}%



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