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\title{Role of Clouds in the Urban Heat Island and Extreme Heat:
Houston-Galveston metropolitan area case.}



\author[1]{John F. Mejia}%
\author[2]{Juan J. Heano}%
\author[3]{Ebrahim Eslami}%
\affil[1]{Desert Research Institute}%
\affil[2]{GIGA, Escuela Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia}%
\affil[3]{Houston Advance Research Center}%


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  \date{May 16, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The study and simulation of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) and Heat Index
(HI) effects in the Houston-Galveston metropolitan area demand special
attention, particularly in considering moist processes aloft. During the
warm season, the afternoon sea breeze phenomenon in this coastal city
acts as a natural air conditioner for city residents, facilitating the
dispersion of moisture, heat, and pollutants. To delve into the
intricate relationships among urbanization, clouds, and land-sea
interactions, we conducted cloud- and urban-resolving simulations at a
900 m grid resolution. Results show that urbanization correlates with
the presence of shallow cumulus clouds, higher cloud bases, and
increased cloud duration over the Galveston-Houston region compared to
rural areas. These urban clouds benefit from the enhanced sensible heat
and dynamic drag imparted by the urban landscape, thereby intensifying
vertical mixing and moisture flux convergence. This dynamic interplay
uplifts heat and moisture convergence, contributing to the enhancement
of moist static energy that sustains the additional urban convection.
Interestingly, our findings suggest that urbanization augments the mean
HI while mitigating its afternoon high. An urban circulation dome
emerges, overpowering the influence of land-sea circulations. Contrary
to expectations, urbanization doesn't seem to promote a stronger sea
breeze that would favor moist and cooler air mass advection to the city.
Instead, the influence of urbanization on cloud enhancement emerges as a
crucial pathway responsible for reducing the afternoon HI values.
Moreover, uncertainties in SSTs are closely linked to the sensitivities
of land-sea circulations, which in turn modulate UHI and extreme heat
indicators.%
\end{abstract}%



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