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\begin{document}

\title{The frost heave characteristics of a volcanic coarse-grained soil
quantified by particle image velocimetry}



\author[1,1]{Junping Ren}%
\author[2,2]{Shoulong Zhang}%
\author[2,2]{Tatsuya Ishikawa}%
\author[3,3]{Shuangyang Li}%
\author[1,1]{Chong Wang}%
\affil[1]{Lanzhou University}%
\affil[2]{Hokkaido University}%
\affil[3]{Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources}%


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  \date{June 13, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The increasing use of the seasonally frozen and permafrost regions for
civil engineering constructions and the effects of global warming on
these regions have stimulated research on the behaviors of frozen soils.
In the present study, the frost heave characteristics of a
coarse-grained soil with volcanic nature was experimentally
investigated. A large soil tank model was established in laboratory for
this purpose. The effects of temperature boundary, external water
supply, and water transfer type on the frost heave characteristics of
the volcanic soil were studied, through a series of frost heave tests.
The particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to quantify the
full field deformation of the soil specimen. The results suggest that
temperature gradient inside the soil specimen is the driving force for
the migration of pore water and vapor. The largest increment in water
content generally agrees well with the frost penetration depth. The
contribution of vapor to the frost heave of the Komaoka soil specimen is
typically small. The applied seeding method, selected subset size,
image-object space calibration, and calculation processes ensured
accurate PIV results. Discussions regarding the presented experimental
investigation and the employment of PIV technique for quantifying frozen
soil deformation are summarized. These findings and discussions can
provide valuable insights into the frost heave behavior of the studied
soil in particular, as well as promote the application of PIV for frozen
soil engineering.%
\end{abstract}%



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