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\begin{document}

\title{What Causes Tides?}



\author[1]{Yongfeng Yang}%
\affil[1]{Bureau of Water Resources of Shandong Province}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 21, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Tides represent the daily regular alternation of high and low waters at
the coasts and in the oceans. This movement of water is usually
explained with two paradigms: one is the equilibrium tide theory in
which the tide-generating force yields a pair of water bulges, and
another is the dynamic tide theory in which the tide-generating force
makes water move like wave. In this study, we investigate to find that
the tide-generating force is derived from a solid Earth, but its
application to a fluid (watery) Earth is not too realistic, this makes
the two paradigms become groundless. We here propose, the
tide-generating force elongates the solid Earth, the spinning Earth
allows the solid bulges to shake ocean basins, thus forming daily
regular movement of water between all parts of the basins as well as the
rise and fall of water levels around the globe. A tide prediction model
is developed to show that the predicted tides are morphologically
consistent with the observed tides, the average RMS calculated against
observations for 110 globally tide-gauge stations are 15.17 cm; A
further tide prediction comparison shows that the tide made by this
model performs slightly better than that made by harmonic analysis,
among the selected 56 sample stations, the RMS calculated against
observations for 31 stations in this model is less than the RMS
calculated in harmonic analysis.%
\end{abstract}%



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