Figure 11. Schematic geological cross-sections illustrating consecutive stages of tectonic development of eastern Anatolia. Legend for Figures I to IV. A; Ophiolitic mélange-accretionary complex, B; Upper Eocene-Oligocene terrestrial coarse-grained sedimentary rocks, C; Lower-Middle Miocene shallow marine limestone, D; Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene lacustrine limestone, E (in Figs II, III and IV); Upper Pliocene terrestrial sediments, and F (in Figs III and IV); Pleistocene -Holocene fluvial conglomerates.
Figure I showing eastern Anatolia during the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene. Following the denudation phase, a regionwide flat-lying erosional surface (ES) was developed (photo A1). Figure II showing the continuing N-S compression that caused large-scale folds (photo B1), Figure III showing tight folds and thrusts that were developed in the following periods (photo C1). Figure IV showing big-scale tight folds accompanied by thrusts from the opposite directions that caused the development of ramp basins (photo D1) during the more advanced stage of the compressional stress, Abbreviations; ES; Erosional surface, IMB; intermountain basins. AB; asymmetrical basins, RB; Ramp basin, CH; The Central High. Photos A1 to C1 are folds and thrusts from different eastern Anatolian regions showing the deformed Neogene sequence under the N-S compressional stress. A1; A northerly view from the southwest of Erzurum, B1 and C1; Kağızman-Tuzluca areas, D1; Oltu-Olur city road.