\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[ngerman,greek,english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Occurrence and Altitude of the Non-Specular Long-Lived Meteor Trails
During Meteor Showers at High Latitudes}



\author[1]{Alexander Kozlovsky}%
\author[2]{Renata Lukianova}%
\author[3]{Mark Lester}%
\affil[1]{Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory}%
\affil[2]{Space Research Institute RAS}%
\affil[3]{University of Leicester}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 14, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Meteoroids entering the Earth's atmosphere produce ionized trails, which
are detectable by radio sounding. Cylindrical underdense (and partly
overdense) trails form a great majority of meteor echoes received by
meteor radars (MR). Additionally, the long-lived non-specular (LLNS)
meteor echoes are received from non-field-aligned irregularities of
ionization generated along tracks of relatively large meteoroids. The
occurrence and height distributions of LLNS are studied using MR
observations at Sodankyl\selectlanguage{ngerman}ä Geophysical Observatory (SGO, 67° 22' N, 26°
38' E, Finland) during 2008-2019. Two parameters are analyzed: the
percentage and height distribution of LLNS echoes. These LLNS echoes
constitute about 2\% of all MR detections. However during certain meteor
showers (Geminids, Perseids, Quadrantids, Arietids or/and Daytime
\selectlanguage{greek}ζ-\selectlanguage{english}Perseids, and Lyrids) the percentage of LLNS echoes is noticeably
higher (about 6, 5, 4, 4, and 3\%, respectively). Typically, the LLNSs
occur ~2 km higher than other echoes (in June-July the height difference
is reduced to ~1 km). Due to this elevation, a larger percentage of
LLNSs is manifested as an upward shift of the height distribution of
meteor trails during meteor showers. Moreover, during Lyrids,
\selectlanguage{greek}η-\selectlanguage{english}Aquariids, Perseids, Orionids, and Leonids the LLNS echoes occur
noticeably, up to 3-6 km, higher than the echoes from other types of
trails. Thus, enhanced heights of meteor detections during major meteor
showers (Quadrantids, Lyrids, \selectlanguage{greek}η-\selectlanguage{english}Aquariids, Arietids or/and Daytime
\selectlanguage{greek}ζ-\selectlanguage{english}Perseids, Perseids, Orionids, Leonids, and Geminids) are predominantly
due to long-lived non-specular echoes from the non-field-aligned
irregularities associated with large meteoroids.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

