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\begin{document}

\title{MEASUREMENT OF THE VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY INDEX (VEI) IN REAL TIME}



\author[1]{Dork Sahagian}%
\author[1]{Leslie Tintle}%
\author[1]{Candace Wygel}%
\affil[1]{Lehigh University}%


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  \date{June 17, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Ash-producing volcanic eruptions are a major natural hazard and the
magnitude of the explosivity of these eruptions have been indicated for
decades by a semi-quantitative ``Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)''
based on a number of interdependent factors, (eruption duration, volume
of ejected material, eruptive column height, tropospheric and
stratospheric injection, and qualitative descriptors). We present a
simple empirical formulation for a fully quantitative VEI (???Hc), based
solely on eruption column height. This method directly translates the
height of the eruption column into VEI, a useful formulation for
immediate understanding of the explosivity of eruptions as they are
taking place. This new scale is calibrated for convenience and
familiarity to span the same range of values as the existing,
semi-quantitative, VEI scale. In addition to being a simple and
quantitative approach, this new method, translating column height
directly into VEI, has the advantage of being calculated in real time
during an eruption. This will improve immediate response by aviation,
hazard management, and others to mitigate societal impact of hazardous
eruptions.%
\end{abstract}%



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