\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Ionospheric Plasma Flows Associated with the Formation of the Distorted
Nightside End of A Transpolar Arc}



\author[1,1]{Motoharu Nowada}%
\author[2,2]{Adrian Grocott}%
\author[1,1]{Quanqi Shi}%
\affil[1]{Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, People’s Republic of China.}%
\affil[2]{Space and Planetary Physics Group, Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 24, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
We investigate ionospheric flow patterns occurring on 28 January 2002
associated with the development of the nightside distorted end of a
J-shaped transpolar arc (nightside distorted TPA). Based on the
nightside ionospheric flows near to the TPA, detected by the SuperDARN
(Super Dual Auroral Radar Network) radars, we discuss how the distortion
of the nightside end toward the pre-midnight sector is produced. The
J-shaped TPA was seen under southward interplanetary magnetic field
(IMF) conditions, in the presence of a dominant dawnward IMF-By
component. At the onset time of the nightside distorted TPA, particular
equatorward plasma flows at the TPA growth point were observed in the
post-midnight sector, flowing out of the polar cap and then turning
toward the pre-midnight sector of the main auroral oval along the
distorted nightside part of the TPA. We suggest that these plasma flows
play a key role in causing the nightside distortion of the TPA.
SuperDARN also found ionospheric flows typically associated with Tail
Reconnection during IMF Northward Non-substorm Intervals (TRINNIs) on
the nightside main auroral oval, before and during the TPA interval,
indicating that nightside magnetic reconnection is an integral process
to the formation of the nightside distorted TPA. During the TPA growth,
SuperDARN also detected anti-sunward flows across the open--closed field
line boundary on the dayside that indicate the occurrence of
low-latitude dayside reconnection and ongoing Dungey cycle driving. This
suggests that nightside distorted TPA can grow even in
Dungey-cycle-driven plasma flow patterns.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

