Wild-type flies were incubated with different DDT amounts (A). First cohort wild-type flies were incubated in DDT-vials; after removal of these flies, a second cohort of wild-type flies was incubated in the same vial (B). As a control, flies were incubated with unused DDT-vials. Instead of first cohort flies, a honeybee worker was incubated in a DDT-vial before addition of a second cohort of flies (B). Silica beads were incubated in a DDT-vial prior to the addition of the second cohort flies (C). Flies were exposed to silica beads after contact with DDT (D). Flies were exposed to DDT or DDT with various amounts of oil (E). First cohort females without proboscis were exposed to DDT before second cohort flies (F). Second cohort flies were incubated in DDT-vials with various amounts of chitin (G). The first and second cohort flies derived from different wild-type populations (H). Exposure of first and second cohort flies to Chlorpyriphos (J) or Chlorantraniliprole (K). Data (n=9-42) were evaluated by Student’s t-test. Asterisks indicate significant differences (*, p < 0.05; ****, p < 0.0001).
Figure 2. Model.