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\begin{document}

\title{Moisture Origin and Transport for Extreme Precipitation over Indonesia's
New Capital City, Nusantara in August 2021}



\author[1]{Anis Purwaningsih}%
\author[2]{Sandro W Lubis}%
\author[1]{Eddy Hermawan}%
\author[1]{Teguh Harjana}%
\author[3]{Dian Nur Ratri}%
\author[4]{Akas Pinaringan Sujalu}%
\author[5]{Ainur Ridho}%
\author[1]{Dita Fatria Andarini}%
\author[6]{Risyanto Risyanto}%
\affil[1]{Research Center for Climate and Atmosphere (PRIMA), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)}%
\affil[2]{Rice University}%
\affil[3]{Meteorological Climatological and Geophysical Agency}%
\affil[4]{Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Samarinda}%
\affil[5]{Cerdas Antisipasi Risiko Bencana Indonesia (CARI)}%
\affil[6]{Research Center for Climate and Atmosphere (PRIMA)}%


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  \date{June 13, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Nusantara, the Indonesia's New Capital City, experienced a rare extreme
rainfall event on 27 to 28 August 2021. This unusual heavy rainfall
occurred during the dry season and caused severe flooding and
landslides. To better understand the underlying mechanisms for such
extreme precipitation events, we investigated the moisture sources and
transport processes using the Lagrangian model HYSPLIT. Our findings
revealed that moisture was mostly transported to Nusantara along three
major routes, namely from Borneo Island (BRN, 53.73\%), the Banda Sea,
and its Surroundings (BSS, 32.03\%), and Sulawesi Island (SUL, 9.05\%).
Overall, BRN and SUL acted as the main sources of terrestrial moisture,
while the BSS was the main oceanic moisture origin having a lower
contribution than that of its terrestrial counterpart. The terrestrial
moisture transport from BRN was mainly driven by the large-scale high
vortex flow, while the moisture transport from the SUL was driven by the
circulations induced by boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO)
and low-frequency variability associated with La Ni\selectlanguage{ngerman}ña. The near-surface
oceanic moisture transport from BSS is mainly associated with prevailing
winds due to the Australian Monsoon system. These insights into moisture
sources and pathways can potentially improve skill in predictions of
summer precipitation extremes in Indonesia's New Capital City,
Nusantara, and benefit natural resource managers in the region.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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