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\begin{document}

\title{The spatial heterogeneity of cloud phase observed by satellite}



\author[1]{Adam B Sokol}%
\author[2]{Trude Storelvmo}%
\affil[1]{University of Washington}%
\affil[2]{University of Oslo}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 15, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
We conduct a global assessment of the spatial heterogeneity of cloud
phase within the temperature range where liquid and ice can coexist.
Single-shot CALIOP lidar retrievals are used to examine cloud phase at
scales as fine as 333 m, and horizontal heterogeneity is quantified
according to the frequency of switches between liquid and ice along the
satellite's path. In the global mean, heterogeneity is greatest between
\$-\$15 and \$-\$4 \textbackslash{}textdegree C with a peak at \$-\$5
\textbackslash{}textdegree C, when small patches of ice are prevalent
within liquid-dominated clouds. Heterogeneity ``hot spots'' are
typically found over the extratropical continents, whereas phase is
relatively homogeneous over the Southern Ocean and the eastern
subtropical ocean basins, where supercooled liquid clouds dominate. Even
at a fixed temperature, heterogeneity undergoes a pronounced annual
cycle that, in most places, consists of a minimum during autumn or
winter and a maximum during spring or summer. Based on this spatial and
temporal variability, it is hypothesized that heterogeneity is affected
by the availability of ice nucleating particles. These results can be
used to improve the representation of subgrid-scale heterogeneity in
general circulation models, which has the potential to reduce
longstanding model biases in cloud phase partitioning and radiative
fluxes.%
\end{abstract}%



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