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\begin{document}

\title{Genetic underpinnings of trade-offs in plants}



\author[1]{Roosa Laitinen}%
\author[2]{Zoran Nikoloski}%
\affil[1]{University of Helsinki}%
\affil[2]{Max-Planck-Institut fur molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie}%


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  \date{June 16, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Trade-offs between traits arise and reflect constraints imposed by the
environment and physicochemical laws. Trade-off situations are expected
to be highly relevant for sessile plants, which have to respond to
changes in the environment to ensure survival. Despite increasing
interest in determining the genetic and molecular basis of plant
trade-offs, there are still gaps and differences with respect to how
trade-offs are defined, how they are measured, and how their genetic
architecture is dissected. The first step to fill these gaps is to
establish what is meant by trade-offs. In this review we provide a
classification of the existing definitions of trade-offs according to:
(1) the measures used for their quantification, (2) the dependence of
trade-offs on environment, and (3) whether data based on which they are
inferred are from a single individual across different environments or a
population of individuals in single or multiple environments. We then
compare the approaches for quantification of trade-offs based on
phenotypic, between-individual, and genetic correlations, and stress the
need for developing further quantification indices particularly for
trade-offs between multiple traits. Lastly, we highlight the genetic
mechanisms underpinning trade-offs and experimental designs that
facilitate their discovery in plants, with focus on usage of natural
variability. This review also offers a perspective for future research
aimed at identification of plant trade-offs, dissection of their genetic
architecture, and development of strategies to overcome trade-offs, with
applications in crop breeding.%
\end{abstract}%



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