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\title{Determination of Groundwater Shortage in Afghanistan using GRACE
data and the Evolution of Vadose Zone in Kabul City using SAR data}



\author[1]{Mohammad Taqi Daqiq}%
\author[1]{Ravi Sharma}%
\author[1]{Anuradha Karunakalage}%
\author[1]{Suresh KANNAUJIYA}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


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  \date{June 13, 2024}


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\textbf{Mohammad Taqi Daqiq \textsuperscript{1}, Ravi
Sharma\textsuperscript{1,}*, Anuradha Karunakalage \textsuperscript{1}
and Suresh Kannaujiya \textsuperscript{2}}

\textsuperscript{1} Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee,
Uttarakhand - 247667, India
(mohammad\_td@es.iitr.ac.in)\textsuperscript{2} Indian Institute of
Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organization, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand - 248001, India (e-mail: skannaujiya@iirs.gov.in)

*Corresponding author: (ravi.sharma@es.iitr.ac.in)

The country of Afghanistan over the last two decades, has faced an acute
shortage of the precious groundwater resource. Some of the significant
reasons are hydroclimatic or anthropogenic, but the very definite one
that tops it all is the ignorance and the mismanagement of the surface
water system. The monthly groundwater storage variation has been
calculated from April 2002 to October 2021 using the Gravity Recovery
and Climate Experiment (GRACE) dataset for five major river basins of
Afghanistan, including Kabul, Amu Darya, Northern, Hari Rud and Helmand
river basins. The seasonal groundwater storage anomaly reveals a
comparatively gentle negative trend in the Amu Darya and Northern rivers
basins than the rest. Consequently, the trends estimated in Kabul, Hari
Rud and Helmand basins are dramatically decreasing. Hydroclimatic
influence for groundwater storage was compared with the Standardized
Precipitation Index (SPI-12 months). Though the SPI values have shown a
wet period from 2013 to 2017, the groundwater is declining continuously.
Analysis of the Groundwater Storage Abstraction (GWS\textsubscript{abs})
has been carried out for the entire country. The estimated
GWS\textsubscript{abs} trend (2003-2021) gives a maximum value for the
Northeast and Southwest parts of the country. One of the hidden crises
of extensive groundwater consumption is land subsidence. The study
focused on the evolution of the vadose zone, resulting in land
deformation in Kabul City. The resultant land displacement is determined
using Sentinel-1 data in the most populated city of Afghanistan (Kabul).
The time-series analysis shows two-phase of displacement. In phase I
(2015-2017), there is a common gentle trend (-20.66 mm/year in Upper
Kabul aquifer and -18.54 mm/year in Lower Kabul aquifer), but in Phase
II (2018-2020), a high negative trend (-151.34 mm/year in Upper Kabul
and -145.32 mm/year in Lower Kabul) was observed. The vertical
displacement was estimated at a maximum value of -202 mm for Kabul City
between June 2016 and August 2020. Overall, the entire country is
experiencing a severe groundwater decline, but the most dominant ones
are the southern and western parts of Afghanistan, causing the
not-so-obvious crisis such as land subsidence. This study states that
strong policy and regulations change is required to sustain groundwater
resources in the country.

\textbf{Keywords:} GRACE; InSAR; Land Deformation; Groundwater
abstraction (GWSabs); GWSD; ^GWS

Presented to the AGU Fall Meeting-22 on Dec 16, 2022

Paper ID: GC52I-0251

Abstract ID: 1105129

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