Study population
A total of 2768 patients (mean age 49.07±17.40 years) were referred for RFCA for symptomatic VAs in our center from December 2009 to December 2019. Among them, 123 consecutive VAs were confirmed arising from the DGCV-AIV based on systemic mapping results or successful ablation sites, and enrolled in this retrospective study. All patients had a normal ECG during sinus rhythm. Complete physical examination, echocardiography, exercise stress testing, or coronary angiography proved no structural heart diseases in any patient. Ethical approval was obtained from the hospital’s ethics committee, and all patients gave written informed consent before operation.