Geographic distribution of haplogroups
Figs. 2 and 3 show the haplogroup distributions in 80 breeds from
Europe, Asia and Africa. Remarkably, there is clear difference between
the ancient and modern DNA samples. All five haplogroups were detected
in ancient goat samples from Southeast Europe and southwest Asia (Fig.
3A). In contrast, we observe a strong geographic differentiation of
domestic goats:
- Haplogroup Y1B is predominant in central and northern Europe, but
outside Europe and North Africa it has only been found in one Ugandan
Karamonja goat, in the Korean native breed and in exported Saanen
populations.
- In northern and central Europe Y2A is only found in a single French
des Fossés sample and together with Y1AA in the crossbred
Anglo-Nubian. It is the predominant haplogroup in Spain, Anatolia and
Africa south of the Sahara, but it is not found in China and Southeast
Asia except in about 20% of the goats in the Philippines and
Sulawesi. Remarkably, most Y2A haplotypes on Madagascar are more
related to Asian than to continental-African Y2A haplotypes.
- Y2B is absent in Europe, continental Africa and west Asia, but is a
major haplotype in east and southeast Asia. It is also observed in one
Malagasy Diana sheep.
- Y1AA is in Europe only represented by three haplotypes in the local
Ciocara breed and the island Montecristo population (Somenzi et al.,
2022). The Italian haplotypes are outside the cluster of closely
related south-Asian and southeast-African Y1AA haplotypes (Figs. 2,
S2).
- The available data suggest a contrast of Y1AB dominating in northern
China and Y1AA with Y2B in the south.