Characteristic Period of Exploration (1986-1996) Period of Implementation (1997-2003) Period of Reassessment (2004-2019)
Dominant sign toward the index study Affirmation Neutral Negation
Attribution of the index study to the opioid crisis Not attributed Not attributed Attributed
Concern toward opioid risks Acknowledges the lack of scientific evidence on the long-term effects of opioids Little concern for long term effects of opioids Concern over the negative consequences of opioids
Motivation of research Better understand the benefits and risks of opioids Gather evidence in support of opioid prescribing Reassess the negative consequences of opioids