References
1. Barton K, Winckelmann A, Palmer S. HIV-1 Reservoirs During
Suppressive Therapy. Trends Microbiol . 2016;24(5):345-355.
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.01.006
2. Collier DA, Haddow L, Brijkumar J, Moosa MYS, Benjamin L, Gupta RK.
HIV Cerebrospinal Fluid Escape and Neurocognitive Pathology in the Era
of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy: What Lies Beneath the Tip of the
Iceberg in Sub-Saharan Africa? Brain Sci . 2018;8(10):E190.
doi:10.3390/brainsci8100190
3. Di Carlofelice M, Everitt A, Muir D, Winston A. Cerebrospinal fluid
HIV RNA in persons living with HIV. HIV Med . 2018;19(5):365-368.
doi:10.1111/hiv.12594
4. Edén A, Fuchs D, Hagberg L, et al. HIV-1 viral escape in
cerebrospinal fluid of subjects on suppressive antiretroviral treatment.J Infect Dis . 2010;202(12):1819-1825. doi:10.1086/657342
5. Pérez-Valero I, Ellis R, Heaton R, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid viral
escape in aviremic HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral
therapy: prevalence, risk factors and neurocognitive effects.AIDS . 2019;33(3):475-481. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002074
6. Joseph J, Cinque P, Colosi D, et al. Highlights of the Global HIV-1
CSF Escape Consortium Meeting, 9 June 2016, Bethesda, MD, USA. J
Virus Erad . 2(4):243-250.
7. Mastrangelo A, Turrini F, de Zan V, Caccia R, Gerevini S, Cinque P.
Symptomatic cerebrospinal fluid escape. AIDS . 2019;33 Suppl
2:S159-S169. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002266
8. Chan TYH, De Zan V, Gregg A, et al. The symptomatology of
cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA escape: a large case-series. AIDS .
2021;35(14):2341-2346. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002992
9. Trunfio M, Joseph SB, Ghisetti V, et al. Symptomatic cerebrospinal
fluid HIV-1 escape with no resistance-associated mutations following
low-level plasma viremia. J Neurovirol . 2018;24(1):132-136.
doi:10.1007/s13365-017-0605-1
10. Trunfio M, Pinnetti C, Focà E, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1
escape according to different thresholds and underlying comorbidities:
is it time to assess the definitions? AIDS . 2019;33(4):759-762.
doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002091
11. Edén A, Nilsson S, Hagberg L, et al. Asymptomatic Cerebrospinal
Fluid HIV-1 Viral Blips and Viral Escape During Antiretroviral Therapy:
A Longitudinal Study. J Infect Dis . 2016;214(12):1822-1825.
doi:10.1093/infdis/jiw454
12. Mukerji SS, Misra V, Lorenz DR, et al. Impact of Antiretroviral
Regimens on Cerebrospinal Fluid Viral Escape in a Prospective
Multicohort Study of Antiretroviral Therapy-Experienced Human
Immunodeficiency Virus-1-Infected Adults in the United States.Clin Infect Dis . 2018;67(8):1182-1190. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy267
13. Nightingale S, Geretti AM, Beloukas A, et al. Discordant CSF/plasma
HIV-1 RNA in patients with unexplained low-level viraemia. J
Neurovirol . 2016;22(6):852-860. doi:10.1007/s13365-016-0448-1
14. Patel AK, Patel KK, Gohel S, Kumar A, Letendre S. Incidence of
symptomatic CSF viral escape in HIV infected patients receiving
atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r)-containing ART: a tertiary care cohort in
western India. J Neurovirol . 2018;24(4):498-505.
doi:10.1007/s13365-018-0642-4
15. Dravid AN, Natrajan K, Kulkarni MM, et al. Discordant CSF/plasma
HIV-1 RNA in individuals on virologically suppressive antiretroviral
therapy in Western India. Medicine (Baltimore) . 2018;97(8):e9969.
doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000009969
16. Ssebambulidde K, Segawa I, Laker E, et al. Symptomatic cerebrospinal
fluid HIV-1 escape in two patients on second-line antiretroviral therapy
in Uganda. Oxf Med Case Reports . 2019;2019(2):omy132.
doi:10.1093/omcr/omy132
17. Calcagno A, Simiele M, Alberione MC, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid
inhibitory quotients of antiretroviral drugs in HIV-infected patients
are associated with compartmental viral control. Clin Infect Dis .
2015;60(2):311-317. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu773
18. Tiraboschi JM, Knobel H, Imaz A, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid and
plasma lopinavir concentrations and viral response in virologically
suppressed patients switching to lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy once
daily. Antivir Ther . 2016;21(4):359-363. doi:10.3851/IMP3015
19. Di Yacovo S, Molto J, Ferrer E, et al. DRV concentrations and viral
load in CSF in patients on DRV/r 600/100 or 800/100mg once daily plus
two NRTI. J Int AIDS Soc . 2014;17(4 Suppl 3):19821.
doi:10.7448/IAS.17.4.19821
20. Antinori A, Perno CF, Giancola ML, et al. Efficacy of cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF)-penetrating antiretroviral drugs against HIV in the
neurological compartment: different patterns of phenotypic resistance in
CSF and plasma. Clin Infect Dis . 2005;41(12):1787-1793.
doi:10.1086/498310
21. Best BM, Letendre SL, Brigid E, et al. Low atazanavir concentrations
in cerebrospinal fluid. AIDS . 2009;23(1):83-87.
doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328317a702
22. Wensing AMJ, van Maarseveen NM, Nijhuis M. Fifteen years of HIV
Protease Inhibitors: raising the barrier to resistance. Antiviral
Res . 2010;85(1):59-74. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.003
23. Kelentse N, Moyo S, Molebatsi K, et al. Reversal of CSF HIV-1 Escape
during Treatment of HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis in Botswana.Biomedicines . 2022;10(6):1399. doi:10.3390/biomedicines10061399
24. Hagberg L, Price RW, Zetterberg H, Fuchs D, Gisslén M. Herpes zoster
in HIV-1 infection: The role of CSF pleocytosis in secondary CSF escape
and discordance. PLoS One . 2020;15(7):e0236162.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236162
25. de Almeida SM, Rotta I, de Pereira AP, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid
pleocytosis as a predictive factor for CSF and plasma HIV RNA
discordance and escape. J Neurovirol . 2020;26(2):241-251.
doi:10.1007/s13365-020-00828-1
26. Ulfhammer G, Edén A, Antinori A, et al. Cerebrospinal Fluid Viral
Load Across the Spectrum of Untreated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type
1 (HIV-1) Infection: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study. Clin
Infect Dis . 2022;75(3):493-502. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab943
27. Milia MG, Allice T, Gregori G, et al. Magnetic-silica based nucleic
acid extraction for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 drug-resistance
testing in low viremic patients. J Clin Virol . 2010;47(1):8-12.
doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2009.10.012
28. Santos GMA, Locatelli I, Métral M, et al. Cross-Sectional and
Cumulative Longitudinal Central Nervous System Penetration Effectiveness
Scores Are Not Associated With Neurocognitive Impairment in a Well
Treated Aging Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Population in
Switzerland. Open Forum Infect Dis . 2019;6(7):ofz277.
doi:10.1093/ofid/ofz277
29. Mukerji SS, Misra V, Lorenz D, et al. Temporal Patterns and Drug
Resistance in CSF Viral Escape Among ART-Experienced HIV-1 Infected
Adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr . 2017;75(2):246-255.
doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000001362
30. EACS Guidelines. EACSociety. Accessed November 6, 2022.
https://www.eacsociety.org/guidelines/eacs-guidelines/
31. Wijting I, Rokx C, Boucher C, et al. Dolutegravir as maintenance
monotherapy for HIV (DOMONO): a phase 2, randomised non-inferiority
trial. Lancet HIV . 2017;4(12):e547-e554.
doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(17)30152-2
32. Arenas-Pinto A, Stöhr W, Clarke A, et al. Evaluation of
cerebrospinal fluid virological escape in patients on long-term protease
inhibitor monotherapy. Antivir Ther . 2017;22(6):535-538.
doi:10.3851/IMP3146
33. Arribas J, Girard PM, Paton N, et al. Efficacy of PI monotherapy
versus triple therapy for 1964 patients in 10 randomised trials. J
Int AIDS Soc . 2014;17(4 Suppl 3):19788. doi:10.7448/IAS.17.4.19788
34. Ferretti F, Bigoloni A, Passeri L, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid
analysis for HIV replication and biomarkers of immune activation and
neurodegeneration in long-term atazanavir/ritonavir monotherapy treated
patients. Medicine (Baltimore) . 2016;95(28):e4144.
doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004144
35. Donath M, Wolf T, Stürmer M, et al. HIV-1 replication in central
nervous system increases over time on only protease inhibitor therapy.Med Microbiol Immunol . 2016;205(6):575-583.
doi:10.1007/s00430-016-0469-7
36. Trunfio M, Rugge W, Mighetto L, et al. Dual antiretroviral therapies
are effective and safe regimens in the central nervous system of
neurologically symptomatic people living with HIV. AIDS .
2020;34(13):1899-1906. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002601