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\begin{document}

\title{Structural Defects in Graphene Quantum Dots: A Review}



\author[1]{Ramisha Rabeya}%
\author[1]{Savisha Mahalingam}%
\author[1]{Abreeza BTE ABD. Manap}%
\author[1]{Meenaloshini Satgunam}%
\author[2]{Md. Akhtaruzzaman}%
\author[2]{Chia Hua}%
\affil[1]{Universiti Tenaga Nasional}%
\affil[2]{Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia}%


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  \date{June 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are known for their low toxicity, strong
fluorescence, high surface area, large solubility and tunable band gaps.
However, the change in their properties depends on the preparation
processes of GQDs. Thus, certain types of preparation lead to certain
defects, such as surface defect, edge defects, Stone-Wales defect. These
structural defects are responsible for hindering GQDs to possess their
regular shape that affects the morphological properties of GQDs. Thus,
the optical and electrical properties get affected. The GQDs, which are
synthesized via acidic methods are generally more vulnerable to defects
compared to those synthesized using eco-friendly methods. Thereby, the
aim of this review is to discuss the causes of structural defects.
Moreover, it focuses on how they affect the properties of GQDs and to
what extent they affect them. The processes of regulating defects have
been elucidated so that more efficient applications can be designed
using GQDs with controlled amounts of defects.%
\end{abstract}%



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