References
Araújo, M.S., Bolnick, D.I. & Layman, C.A. (2011). The ecological
causes of individual specialisation. Ecol. Lett. , 14, 948–958.
Atwood, T.C. & Gese, E.M. (2008). Coyotes and recolonizing wolves:
Social rank mediates risk-conditional behaviour at ungulate carcasses.Anim. Behav. , 75, 753–762.
Aycrigg, J.L. & Porter, W.F. (1997). Sociospatial dynamics of
white-tailed deer in the Central Adirondack Mountains, New York.J. Mammal. , 78, 468–482.
Baltzinger, C., Karimi, S. & Shukla, U. (2019). Plants on the move:
Hitch-hiking with ungulates distributes diaspores across landscapes.Front. Ecol. Evol. , 7.
Bartel, S.L. & Orrock, J.L. (2021). An omnivorous mesopredator modifies
predation of omnivore-dispersed seeds. Ecosphere , 12, e03369.
Bartoń, K.A., Zwijacz-Kozica, T., Zięba, F., Sergiel, A. & Selva, N.
(2019). Bears without borders: Long-distance movement in human-dominated
landscapes. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. , 17, 1–8.
Beckman, N.G. & Rogers, H.S. (2013). Consequences of seed dispersal for
plant recruitment in tropical forests: Interactions within the
seedscape. Biotropica , 45, 666–681.
Belton, L.E., Cameron, E.Z. & Dalerum, F. (2018). Social networks of
spotted hyaenas in areas of contrasting human activity and
infrastructure. Anim. Behav. , 135, 13–23.
Ben-David, M., Titus, K. & Beier, L.V.R. (2004). Consumption of salmon
by Alaskan brown bears: A trade-off between nutritional requirements and
the risk of infanticide? Oecologia , 138, 465–474.
Brehm, A.M., Mortelliti, A., Maynard, G.A. & Zydlewski, J. (2019).
Land-use change and the ecological consequences of personality in small
mammals. Ecol. Lett. , 22, 1387–1395.
Briffa, M., Sneddon, L.U. & Wilson, A.J. (2015). Animal personality as
a cause and consequence of contest behaviour. Biol. Lett. , 11,
20141007.
Cain, M.L., Milligan, B.G. & Strand, A.E. (2000). Long-distance seed
dispersal in plant populations. Am. J. Bot. , 87, 1217–1227.
Carlo, T.A. & Tewksbury, J.J. (2014). Directness and tempo of avian
seed dispersal increases emergence of wild chiltepins in desert
grasslands. J. Ecol. , 102, 248–255.
Castillo, D.F., Birochio, D.E., Lucherini, M. & Casanave, E.B. (2011).
Diet of adults and cubs of Lycalopex gymnocercus in pampas
grassland: A validation of the optimal foraging theory? Ann. Zool.
Fennici , 48, 251–256.
Clevenger, A.P. & Waltho, N. (2005). Performance indices to identify
attributes of highway crossing structures facilitating movement of large
mammals. Biol. Conserv. , 121, 453–464.
Corlett, R.T. & Westcott, D.A. (2013). Will plant movements keep up
with climate change? Trends Ecol. Evol. , 28, 482–488.
Côrtes, M.C. & Uriarte, M. (2013). Integrating frugivory and animal
movement: a review of the evidence and implications for scaling seed
dispersal. Biol. Rev. , 88, 255–272.
Creel, S. (2001). Social dominance and stress hormones. Trends
Ecol. Evol. , 16.
Culot, L., Bello, C., Batista, J.L.F., do Couto, H.T.Z. & Galetti, M.
(2017). Synergistic effects of seed disperser and predator loss on
recruitment success and long-term consequences for carbon stocks in
tropical rainforests. Sci. Rep. , 7, 7662.
Cypher, B.L. & Cypher, E.A. (1999). Germination rates of tree seeds
ingested by coyotes and raccoons. Am. Midl. Nat. , 142, 71–76.
Cypher, B.L., Madrid, A.Y., Van Horn Job, C.L., Kelly, E.C., Harrison,
S.W.R. & Westall, T.L. (2014). Multi-population comparison of resource
exploitation by island foxes: Implications for conservation. Glob.
Ecol. Conserv. , 2, 255–266.
Dall, S.R.X., Houston, A.I. & McNamara, J.M. (2004). The behavioural
ecology of personality: consistent individual differences from an
adaptive perspective. Ecol. Lett. , 7, 734–739.
Damschen, E.I., Brudvig, L.A., Burt, M.A., Fletcher, R.J., Haddad, N.M.,
Levey, D.J., et al. (2019). Ongoing accumulation of plant
diversity through habitat connectivity in an 18-year experiment.Science (80-. ). , 365, 1478–1480.
Damschen, E.I., Haddad, N.M., Orrock, J.L., Tewksbury, J.J. & Levey,
D.J. (2006). Corridors increase plant species richness at large scales.Science (80-. ). , 313, 1284–1286.
Darimont, C.T., Paquet, P.C. & Reimchen, T.E. (2009). Landscape
heterogeneity and marine subsidy generate extensive intrapopulation
niche diversity in a large terrestrial vertebrate. J. Anim.
Ecol. , 78, 126–133.
Davis, N.E., Forsyth, D.M., Triggs, B., Pascoe, C., Benshemesh, J.,
Robley, A., et al. (2015). Interspecific and geographic variation
in the diets of sympatric carnivores: dingoes/wild dogs and red foxes in
south-eastern Australia. PLoS One , 10, e0120975.
Deacy, W.W., Erlenbach, J.A., Leacock, W.B., Stanford, J.A., Robbins,
C.T. & Armstrong, J.B. (2018). Phenological tracking associated with
increased salmon consumption by brown bears. Sci. Rep. , 8, 1–9.
Dennehy, J.J. (2001). Influence of social dominance rank on diet quality
of pronghorn females. Behav. Ecol. , 12, 177–181.
Devost, I., Jones, T.B., Cauchoix, M., Montreuil-Spencer, C. &
Morand-Ferron, J. (2016). Personality does not predict social dominance
in wild groups of black-capped chickadees. Anim. Behav. , 122,
67–76.
Do, E., San, L., Somers, M.J. & Walters, M. (2009). Autumn diet of
black-back jackals (Canis mesomelas ) in the thicket biome of
South Africa . Wildl. Biol. Pract.
Dorning, J. & Harris, S. (2017). Dominance, gender, and season
influence food patch use in a group-living, solitary foraging canid.Behav. Ecol. , 28, 1302–1313.
Draper, J.P., Atwood, T.B., Beckman, N.G., Kettenring, K.M. & Young,
J.K. (2021). Mesopredator frugivory has no effect on seed viability and
emergence under experimental conditions. Ecosphere , 12.
Dumond, M., Villard, M.-A. & Tremblay, É. (2001). Does coyote diet vary
seasonally between a protected and an unprotected forest landscape?Ecoscience , 8, 301–310.
Dyer, J.M. (1995). Assessment of climatic warming using a model of
forest species migration. Ecol. Modell. , 79, 199–219.
Favati, A., Leimar, O., Radesa¨ter, T. & Løvlie, H. (2013). Social
status and personality: stability in social state can promote
consistency of behavioural responses. Proc. R. Soc. B , 281,
20132531.
Ford, A.T., Barrueto, M. & Clevenger, A.P. (2017). Road mitigation is a
demographic filter for grizzly bears. Wildl. Soc. Bull. , 41,
712–719.
Funghi, C., Leitão, A. V., Ferreira, A.C., Mota, P.G. & Cardoso, G.C.
(2015). Social dominance in a gregarious bird is related to body size
but not to standard personality assays. Ethology , 121, 84–93.
García-Rodríguez, A., Albrecht, J., Szczutkowska, S., Valido, A.,
Farwig, N. & Selva, N. (2021). The role of the brown bear Ursus
arctos as a legitimate megafaunal seed disperser. Sci. Rep. , 11,
1–11.
Gende, S.M. & Quinn, T.P. (2004). The relative importance of prey
density and social dominance in determining energy intake by bears
feeding on Pacific salmon. Can. J. Zool. , 82, 75–85.
Gese, E.M. (2001). Territorial defense by coyotes (Canis latrans )
in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: who, how, where, when, and why.Can. J. Zool. , 79, 980–987.
Gese, E.M., Ruff, R.L. & Crabtree, R.L. (1996). Foraging ecology of
coyotes (Canis latrans ): the influence of extrinsic factors and a
dominance hierarchy. Can. J. Zool. , 74, 769–783.
Getzin, S., Wiegand, T. & Hubbell, S.P. (2014). Stochastically driven
adult-recruit associations of tree species on Barro Colorado Island.Proc. R. Soc. B , 281, 10140922.
Gilbert-Norton, L.B., Wilson, R.R. & Shivik, J.A. (2013). The effect of
social hierarchy on captive coyote (Canis latrans ) foraging
behavior. Ethology , 119, 335–343.
González-Varo, J.P. & Traveset, A. (2016). The labile limits of
forbidden interactions. Trends Ecol. Evol. , 31.
Gosselin, J., Leclerc, M., Zedrosser, A., Steyaert, S.M.J.G., Swenson,
J.E. & Pelletier, F. (2017). Hunting promotes sexual conflict in brown
bears. J. Anim. Ecol. , 86, 35–42.
Hämäläinen, A., Broadley, K., Droghini, A., Haines, J.A., Lamb, C.T.,
Boutin, S., et al. (2017). The ecological significance of
secondary seed dispersal by carnivores. Ecosphere , 8, e01685.
Henry, C., Poulle, M.-L. & Roeder, J.-J. (2005). Effect of sex and
female reproductive status on seasonal home range size and stability in
rural red foxes (Vulpes vulpes ). Écoscience , 12, 202–209.
Herrera, C.M. (1989). Frugivory and seed dispersal by carnivorous
mammals, and associated fruit characteristics, in undisturbed
Mediterranean habitats. Oikos , 55, 250–252.
Herrera, C.M. & Pellmyr, O. (2002). Plant–Animal Interactions:
An Evolutionary Approach . Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ.
Herrmann, J.D., Carlo, T.A., Brudvig, L.A., Damschen, E.I., Haddad,
N.M., Levey, D.J., et al. (2016). Connectivity from a different
perspective: Comparing seed dispersal kernels in connected vs.
unfragmented landscapes. Ecology , 97, 1274–1282.
Hirsch, B.T., Kays, R., Pereira, V.E. & Jansen, P.A. (2012). Directed
seed dispersal towards areas with low conspecific tree density by a
scatter-hoarding rodent. Ecol. Lett. , 15, 1423–1429.
Howe, H.F. & Miriti, M.N. (2000). No question: Seed dispersal matters.Trends Ecol. Evol. , 15, 434–436.
Howe, H.F. & Miriti, M.N. (2004). When seed dispersal matters.Bioscience , 54, 651–660.
Howe, H.F. & Smallwood, J. (1982). Ecology of seed dispersal.Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 13, 201–228.
Ilany, A., Holekamp, K.E. & Akçay, E. (2021). Rank-dependent social
inheritance determines social network structure in spotted hyenas.Science (80-. ). , 373, 348–352.
Isbell, L.A., Pruetz, J.D., Lewis, M. & Young, T.P. (1999). Rank
differences in ecological behavior: A comparative study of patas monkeys
(Erythrocebus patas ) and vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops ).Int. J. Primatol. , 20, 257–272.
Jadeja, S., Prasad, S., Quader, S. & Isvaran, K. (2013). Antelope
mating strategies facilitate invasion of grasslands by a woody weed.Oikos , 122, 1441–1452.
Jordano, P. (2000). Fruits and frugivory. In: Seeds: The ecology
of regeneration in plant communities (ed. Fenner, M.). CAB
International, Wallingford, UK.
Kamler, J.F., Klare, U. & Macdonald, D.W. (2020). Seed dispersal
potential of jackals and foxes in semi-arid habitats of South Africa.J. Arid Environ. , 183, 104284.
Kamler, J.F., Stenkewitz, U., Gharajehdaghipour, T. & Macdonald, D.W.
(2019). Social organization, home ranges, and extraterritorial forays of
black-backed jackals. J. Wildl. Manage. , 83, 1800–1808.
Kremer, A., Ronce, O., Robledo-Arnuncio, J.J., Guillaume, F., Bohrer,
G., Nathan, R., et al. (2012). Long-distance gene flow and
adaptation of forest trees to rapid climate change. Ecol. Lett. ,
15, 378–392.
Lamb, C.T., Ford, A.T., Mclellan, B.N., Proctor, M.F., Mowat, G.,
Ciarniello, L., et al. (2020). The ecology of human-carnivore
coexistence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 117, 17876–17883.
Lamb, C.T., Mowat, G., McLellan, B.N., Nielsen, S.E. & Boutin, S.
(2017). Forbidden fruit: human settlement and abundant fruit create an
ecological trap for an apex omnivore. J. Anim. Ecol. , 86, 55–65.
Leclerc, M., Zedrosser, A., Swenson, J.E. & Pelletier, F. (2019).
Hunters select for behavioral traits in a large carnivore. Sci.
Rep. , 9, 1–8.
Levey, D.J., Bolker, B.M., Tewksbury, J.J., Sargent, S. & Haddad, N.M.
(2005). Effects of landscape corridors on seed dispersal by birds.Science (80-. ). , 309.
López-Bao, J. V. & González-Varo, J.P. (2011). Frugivory and spatial
patterns of seed deposition by carnivorous mammals in anthropogenic
landscapes: a multi-scale approach. PLoS One , 6, e14569.
López-Bao, J. V., González-Varo, J.P. & Guitián, J. (2015). Mutualistic
relationships under landscape change: carnivorous mammals and plants
after 30 years of land abandonment. Basic Appl. Ecol. , 16,
152–161.
Manlick, P.J., Petersen, S.M., Moriarty, K.M. & Pauli, J.N. (2019).
Stable isotopes reveal limited Eltonian niche conservatism across
carnivore populations. Funct. Ecol. , 33, 335–345.
Mastro, L.L. (2011). Life history and ecology of coyotes in the
Mid-Atlantic states: a summary of the scientific literature.Southeast. Nat. , 10, 721–730.
McConkey, K.R. & Drake, D.R. (2006). Flying foxes cease to function as
seed dispersers long before they become rare. Ecology , 87,
271–276.
McConkey, K.R. & O’Farrill, G. (2015). Cryptic function loss in animal
populations. Trends Ecol. Evol. , 30.
McConkey, K.R. & O’Farrill, G. (2016). Loss of seed dispersal before
the loss of seed dispersers. Biol. Conserv. , 201, 38–49.
Milner, J.M., Nilsen, E.B. & Andreassen, H.P. (2007). Demographic side
effects of selective hunting in ungulates and carnivores. Conserv.
Biol. , 21, 36–47.
Morrow, K.S., Glanz, H., Ngakan, P.O. & Riley, E.P. (2019).
Interactions with humans are jointly influenced by life history stage
and social network factors and reduce group cohesion in moor macaques
(Macaca maura ). Sci. Rep. , 9, 20162.
Murray, C.M., Eberly, L.E. & Pusey, A.E. (2006). Foraging strategies as
a function of season and rank among wild female chimpanzees (Pan
troglodytes ). Behav. Ecol. , 1020–1028.
Newsome, S.D., Garbe, H.M., Wilson, E.C. & Gehrt, S.D. (2015).
Individual variation in anthropogenic resource use in an urban
carnivore. Oecologia , 178, 115–128.
Parker, G. (1995). Eastern Coyote: The Story of Its Success . 1st
edn. Nimbus Publishing, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Pazol, K. & Cords, M. (2005). Seasonal variation in feeding behavior,
competition and female social relationships in a forest dwelling guenon,
the Blue Monkey (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni ), in the Kakamega
Forest, Kenya. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , 58, 566–577.
Peres, C.A., Emilio, T., Schietti, J., Desmoulière, S.J.M. & Levi, T.
(2016). Dispersal limitation induces long-term biomass collapse in
overhunted Amazonian forests. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. ,
113, 892–897.
Roehm, K. & Moran, M.D. (2013). Is the coyote (Canis latrans ) a
potential seed disperser for the American Persimmon (Diospyros
virginiana )? Am. Midl. Nat. , 169, 416–421.
Rogers, H.S., Beckman, N.G., Hartig, F., Johnson, J.S., Pufal, G., Shea,
K., et al. (2019). The total dispersal kernel: A review and
future directions. AoB Plants , 11, 1–13.
Rost, J., Pons, P. & Bas, J.M. (2012). Seed dispersal by carnivorous
mammals into burnt forests: An opportunity for non-indigenous and
cultivated plant species. Basic Appl. Ecol. , 13, 623–630.
Russo, S.E., Portnoy, S. & Augspurger, C.K. (2006). Incorporating
animal behavior into seed dispersal models: Implications for seed
shadows. Ecology , 87, 3160–3174.
Sallabanks, R. (1993). Fruit defenders vs. fruit thieves: Winter
foraging behavior in American robins. J. F. Ornithol. , 64,
42–48.
Sasal, Y. & Morales, J.M. (2013). Linking frugivore behavior to plant
population dynamics. Oikos , 122, 95–103.
Schupp, E.W. (1993). Quantity, quality and the effectiveness of seed
dispersal by animals. Vegetatio , 107/108, 15–29.
Schupp, E.W., Jordano, P. & Gómez, J.M. (2010). Seed dispersal
effectiveness revisited: A conceptual review. New Phytol. , 188,
333–353.
Schupp, E.W., Jordano, P. & Gómez, J.M. (2017). A general framework for
effectiveness concepts in mutualisms. Ecol. Lett. , 20, 577–590.
Shakeri, Y.N., White, K.S. & Levi, T. (2018). Salmon-supported bears,
seed dispersal, and extensive resource subsidies to granivores.Ecosphere , 9, e02297.
Stamps, J. & Groothuis, T.G.G. (2010). The development of animal
personality: relevance, concepts and perspectives. Biol. Rev. ,
85, 301–325.
Strauss, E.D. & Holekamp, K.E. (2019). Social alliances improve rank
and fitness in convention-based societies. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. , 116, 8919–8924.
Suraci, J.P., Smith, J.A., Clinchy, M., Zanette, L.Y. & Wilmers, C.C.
(2019). Humans, but not their dogs, displace pumas from their kills: An
experimental approach. Sci. Rep. , 9, 1–8.
Tilson, R.L. & Hamilton, W.J. (1984). Social dominance and feeding
patterns of spotted hyaenas. Anim. Behav. , 32, 715–724.
Traveset, A. & Richardson, D.M. (2014). Mutualistic interactions and
biological invasions. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. , 45, 89–113.
Tsuji, Y., Campos-Arceiz, A., Prasad, S., Kitamura, S. & Mcconkey, K.R.
(2020). Intraspecific differences in seed dispersal caused by
differences in social rank and mediated by food availability. Sci.
Rep. , 10, 1532.
Vierling, K.T. (2000). Source and sink habitats of red-winged blackbirds
in a rural / suburban landscape. Ecol. Appl. , 10, 1211–1218.
Wang, B.C. & Smith, T.B. (2002). Closing the seed dispersal loop.Trends Ecol. Evol. , 17, 379–385.
Ward, A. & Webster, M. (2016a). Distributions of costs and benefits
within groups. In: Sociality: The Behaviour of Group-Living
Animals . Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland, Gewerbestr.
11, Switzerland, pp. 111–124.
Ward, A. & Webster, M. (2016b). Social foraging and predator-prey
interactions. In: Sociality: The Behaviour of Group-Living
Animals . Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland, Gewerbestr.
11, Switzerland, pp. 55–87.
Ward, J.N., Hinton, J.W., Johannsen, K.L., Karlin, M.L., Miller, K. V.
& Chamberlain, M.J. (2018). Home range size, vegetation density, and
season influences prey use by coyotes (Canis latrans ). PLoS
One , 13, 1–22.
Willson, M.F. (1993). Mammals as seed-dispersal mutualists in North
America. Oikos , 67, 159–176.
Wittemyer, G., Getz, W.M., Vollrath, F. & Douglas-Hamilton, I. (2007).
Social dominance, seasonal movements, and spatial segregation in African
elephants: A contribution to conservation behavior. Behav. Ecol.
Sociobiol. , 61, 1919–1931.
Zimen, E. (1976). On the regulation of pack size in wolves. Z.
Tierpsychol. , 40, 300–341.
Zimen, E. (1981). The wolf, a species in danger . 1st edn.
Delacorte Press.
Zwolak, R. (2018). How intraspecific variation in seed-dispersing
animals matters for plants. Biol. Rev. , 93, 897–913.
Zwolak, R. & Sih, A. (2020). Animal personalities and seed dispersal: A
conceptual review. Funct. Ecol. , 34, 1294–1310.