Fig 2. We provide predicted seed dispersal kernels and patterns
of seedling establishment for the two case studies described in Box 2.A) Japanese macaques of different social statuses differ in
seed-dispersal efficacy during non-masting years. Since subordinate
macaques provide higher-quality dispersal (i.e., lower rates of seed
mastication), we predict that the probability of seedling establishment
will be greater for seeds dispersed by subordinates than those dispersed
by dominant individuals, regardless of dispersal distance. B)Flying foxes of different social statuses differ in seed-dispersal
efficacy. We expect that the probability of seedling establishment
remains low when seeds are dispersed by dominant individuals because
those seeds are dispersed directly below the mother tree. The
probability of seedling establishment should increase when seeds are
dispersed away from the mother tree by subordinate individuals, escaping
intraspecific competition and natural enemies.