Fig 2. We provide predicted seed dispersal kernels and patterns of seedling establishment for the two case studies described in Box 2.A) Japanese macaques of different social statuses differ in seed-dispersal efficacy during non-masting years. Since subordinate macaques provide higher-quality dispersal (i.e., lower rates of seed mastication), we predict that the probability of seedling establishment will be greater for seeds dispersed by subordinates than those dispersed by dominant individuals, regardless of dispersal distance. B)Flying foxes of different social statuses differ in seed-dispersal efficacy. We expect that the probability of seedling establishment remains low when seeds are dispersed by dominant individuals because those seeds are dispersed directly below the mother tree. The probability of seedling establishment should increase when seeds are dispersed away from the mother tree by subordinate individuals, escaping intraspecific competition and natural enemies.