UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLE, GUT MICROBIOME, AND FCVD
Clinical studies showed that the gut microbiota play a pivotal role in
human vascular physiology, and they may be potential therapeutic and
preventive targets for CVD, such as atherosclerosis (107), heart failure
with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) (108). Morevover, gut-related
metabolites, L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and Trimethylamine N-oxide
(TMAO), show associations with adverse short-term and long-term outcomes
in acute HF (109), respectively. And the gut microbiome is a vital
mediator of age-related arterial endothelial dysfunction, arterial
stiffening, vascular oxidative stress and inflammation (110), therefore
may be a promising therapeutic target for preserving arterial function
with ageing and reducing the risk of CVD.
As we known, the gut microbiome is associated with human diseases. A
recent study found that lifestyle (socioeconomic factors, genetics,
current exposome, diet and medication), particular early life shape the
microbiome in health and disease due to significant association with
microbiome function and composition (111). Risk factors related to
unhealthy lifestyle may disrupt the “brain-heart-gut” axis by negative
regulations of the gut microbiome and induce fCVD, but a healthy
lifestyle intervention (brain and physical activities and diet) among
older adults is effective in preventing MACCE (112). And current the
microbiome-based “brain-heart-gut” axis explains the vital mechanisms
of fCVD (Figure 2), since the microbiome contributes to many
cardiometabolic traits by modulating human inflammation and metabolism
(113). Herein, healthy E(e)SEEDi lifestyle plays a vital role in the
“brain-heart-gut” axis and novel mechanisms of fCVD.
All in all, there is indeed a direct association between the gut
microbiota and host aging, diseases, and health by changes in
mitochondrial dynamics (114). And currently, fecal microbiota
transplantation is a novel method and an effective strategy against
age-related human diseases (115, 116). And there is also a definite
association between major risk factors in early life (117) and fCVD.
Developments in artificial intelligence and big data will help us to
setup a population-based risk algorithm (118, 119) or a scoring
algorithm linking to unhealthy E(e)SEEDi lifestyle for evaluation,
prediction, and prevention of fCVD.
With the development of cellular and molecular biology in brain and
cardiovascular system and new tools of biomedicine (120-122), the
scientist will further disclose the mechanisms of eCVD and fCVD under
the help of this novel theory of “brain-heart-gut axis”. And it is
believed that with the further understanding of new origins and novel
mechanisms, there will be better prospects in healthy aging and
longevity due to better protection of brain and cardiovascular system.
Here, wish everyone health, peace and happiness when the World Heart Day
in this September is coming.