Mechanisms mediated by exercise and microbiome
At the same time, positive and effective physical activity or exercise
in children and adolescents (89) can prevent fCVD in adult. Animal
experiments showed that physical activity or exercise results in a
persistent decrease in systolic blood pressure in the spontaneously
hypertensive rats (SHRs) since it can reshape gut microbiota and improve
impaired gut-brain axis (90). As a non-medical treatment, when
combination of vitamin C intake, it can modify the composition of gut
microflora and improve the inflammatory state, therefore, alleviate the
blood pressure in the SHRs (91). The gut microbiome also mediates the
protective effects of moderate-intensity exercise on cardiac function in
myocardial infarction mice by its metabolites 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
(3-HPA) and 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) (92, 93).
There are the associations between the gut microbiota and
cardiometabolic phenotypes, however, short-term endurance exercise has
little effect on gut microbiota in elderly individuals (94). Regular
physical activity or endurance exercise can reduce a Western diet
-induced atherosclerosis through the amelioration of obesity,
inflammation, and chemotaxis signaling, which are modulated by the
microbiota and its metabolites (95). Particularly, the molecular and
cellular mechanisms on the metabolic benefits of physical activity has
been accurately disclosed in a recent study since an
exercise-inducible metabolite can control food intake and prevent
cardiometabolic diseases (96), such as obesity, T2D and fCVD.