Mechanisms mediated by diet and microbiome
As we known, medicine and food are homology. The composition of the gut microbiota following early-life antibiotic exposure affects host health and longevity (97) due to an impaired immunity, increased insulin resistance and inflammaging in later life. But metformin increases lifespan by altering the gut microbiota and methionine metabolism (98). As a part of diet, a high-throughput screening platform found that host-microbe-drug-nutrient interactions improve health and longevity through targeted the gut microbiome therapies (99). For example, the interactions between the gut microbiome and vitamin D are associated with better human health (100). In fact, microbiome interactions can shape host fitness (such as development, fecundity, and lifespan) (101).
There are also interactions between the gut and the brain in inflammation-associated diseases and their molecular and cellular mechanisms link to sensing and communicating the levels of diet- and microbiome-derived essential amino acids (EAAs) (102, 103). High dietary fiber intake may improve maternal obesity-induced cognitive and social dysfunctions (104) since microbiome associations with some traits (105), such as age, dietary intake, and the specific gut microbiome can affect social behaviours through discrete neuronal circuits that mediate stress responses in the brain (106). These studies further confirm the novel “brain-heart-gut” axis theory. Herein, healthy E(e)SEEDi lifestyle can be adopted for the secondary prevention of eCVD and the primary prevention of fCVD.