Mechanisms mediated by exercise and microbiome
At the same time, positive and effective physical activity or exercise in children and adolescents (89) can prevent fCVD in adult. Animal experiments showed that physical activity or exercise results in a persistent decrease in systolic blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) since it can reshape gut microbiota and improve impaired gut-brain axis (90). As a non-medical treatment, when combination of vitamin C intake, it can modify the composition of gut microflora and improve the inflammatory state, therefore, alleviate the blood pressure in the SHRs (91). The gut microbiome also mediates the protective effects of moderate-intensity exercise on cardiac function in myocardial infarction mice by its metabolites 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-HPA) and 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) (92, 93).
There are the associations between the gut microbiota and cardiometabolic phenotypes, however, short-term endurance exercise has little effect on gut microbiota in elderly individuals (94). Regular physical activity or endurance exercise can reduce a Western diet -induced atherosclerosis through the amelioration of obesity, inflammation, and chemotaxis signaling, which are modulated by the microbiota and its metabolites (95). Particularly, the molecular and cellular mechanisms on the metabolic benefits of physical activity has been accurately disclosed in a recent study since an exercise-inducible metabolite can control food intake and prevent cardiometabolic diseases (96), such as obesity, T2D and fCVD.