Axis |
Chemicals, Gene, or Molecule |
Targets |
CVD |
CaMKII/Nav1.5 axis (7) |
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII),
PP2A-B56α |
PP2A regulates Nav1.5 activity in
cardiomyocytes, B56α as a novel target |
Congenital and acquired human
arrhythmia |
Cardiosplenic axis (8) |
Proinflammatory leukocytes |
Splenic activation
after ACS, leukocyte proinflammatory remodeling |
Acute coronary
syndrome (ACS) |
Cardiosplenic axis (9) |
Mononuclear phagocytes, antigen processing in
the spleen |
Splenocytes immune-mediated injurious responses & the
spleen to cardiac remodeling |
chronic heart failure
(CHF) |
CXCL1-CXCR2 axis (10)
|
Angiotensin II-induced infiltration of monocytes
CXCL1-CXCR2 signalling
|
Inhibition of CXCL1 and/or CXCR2 & cardiac remodeling
|
Hypertensive heart diseases (cardiac remodeling)
|
CXCL12/CXCR4 chemokine ligand/receptor axis (11) |
Arterial CXCR4
(atheroprotective role) |
Arterial integrity, endothelial barrier
function, and a normal contractile SMC phenotype |
Atherosclerosis |
CXCR4/SDF-1 axis (12) |
The thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin did not
interfere with BMC homing or SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling |
Bivalirudin but not
heparin recommended as an anticoagulant for intracoronary infusion of
BMCs for cell therapy |
Acute or chronic myocardial
ischemia |
KLF10-IL-9 signaling axis (13)
|
Ang II (angiotensin II) promoting CD4+ T-cell activation via
upregulation of interleukins (IL)-9
|
Kruppel like factor 10 (KLF10 or Klf10) or IL-9 in T cells
(novel therapeutic targets)
|
Perivascular Fibrosis & vascular disease
|
Leucopoietic-arterial axis (14) |
Higher air pollution exposure &
socioeconomics, traffic noise, and risk factors |
Higher leucopoietic
tissue activity and arterial inflammation (ArtI) |
CVD & major adverse
cardiovascular events (MACE) |
Lipoprotein(a)-lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2-oxidized
phospholipid axis (Lp-PLA2 axis) (15) |
Ysophosphatidylcholine |
Valve
interstitial cells |
Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS), acquired
valvular heart disease |
miR-208-Mef2 axis (Mef2-microRNAs axis) (16)
|
Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (Mef2)
|
Mef2 regulates microRNAs
for cardiac development and disease
|
Pulmonary hypertension & Right ventricular failure
|
miR-223/PDGFRβ VSMC Axis
(17)
|
Platelet miR-223 or VSMC PDGFRβ
|
Lack of miR-223 & VSMC dedifferentiation and medial damage
|
Coronary artery pathology in Kawasaki Disease (acute vasculitis of early
childhood)
|
NFATc3/miR-204 axis (18)
|
Macrophage NFATc3, a negative regulator of atherogenesis
|
Up-regulation of NFATc3 in macrophages, up-regulates miR-204 to reduce
SR-A and CD36 levels
|
Atherosclerosis
(preventing foam cell formation)
|
Nuclear Ca2+-CaMKIIδC axis (19)
|
CaMKII (Ca2+-Calmodulin dependent protein kinase)
δC
|
Early transaortic constriction perinuclear CaMKIIδC activation,
myocyte Ca2+ transients and nuclear transcriptional
responses
|
Eccentric hypertrophy and heart failure (HF)
|
p38α-CREB-OGDH axis (20) |
Plasma succinate concentrations |
Macrophages |
Aortic aneurysm and dissection (AAD) |
p-Erk1/2-MMP axis (21)
|
Lower serum uric acid (SUA) levels
|
Smooth muscle cell (SMC)-elastin contractile units
(degradation of elastin)
|
Recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage (R-ICH)
|
Sirt1/p53/p21 axis (22) |
Metoprolol |
Arginine vasopressin
(AVP)-Induced Cellular Senescence in H9C2 Cardiomyocytes & the
AVP-induced expression of acetylated p53 and p21 |
Ischemia injury in
cardiovascular system |
SR-A1-c-Myc axis (23) |
Tissue-resident and monocyte-derived cardiac
macrophage |
Endothelial progenitor cells differentiation &
neovascularization |
Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy
(DiCM) |
Vegfc-Emilin2a-Cxcl8a Signaling axis (24) |
Vegfc, emilin2a and cxcl8a
for coronary revascularization & Cardiac Regeneration |
Coronary
endothelial cells upregulate vegfc, vegfc signaling upregulates
epicardial emilin2a and cxcl8a expression |
Ischemic heart
disease |