Axis |
Chemicals, Gene, or Molecule |
Targets |
CVD |
Autophagy-apoptosis axis (25) |
Melatonin |
Vascular
endothelial cell damage and apoptosis mediated by macrophages |
Kawasaki
disease (KD)-associated vasculitis |
BCAA-BCKA axis
Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-Branched-chain keto acid (BCKA) axis
(26)
|
Telmisartan (anti-hypertension drug)
|
Significantly represses Bcat2 activity via direct binding
& enhanced white adipose tissue (WAT) browning and reduced
adiposity
|
Obesity & metabolic syndrome
|
Circ_ROBO2/miR-149 axis (27) |
CircRNAs (circ_ROBO2 & miR-149) |
Activating NF-κB Signaling, aortic smooth muscle cells |
Atherosclerosis
& coronary artery disease (CAD) |
Microbiome-brain-β-cell axis (28) |
Acetate |
A nutrient-gut microbiota
interaction & activation of the parasympathetic nervous system |
Obesity, insulin resistance & metabolic syndrome |
miR-1277-5p/KLF5 axis (29) |
LINC01123 |
Vascular smooth muscle cells
(VSMCs) |
Carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) |
miR-149-5p/MMP9 axis (30) |
Circular RNAs (circRNAs): circDHCR24 &
miR-149-5p & MMP9 |
Human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells
(HA-VSMCs) proliferation, migration and phenotypic switching |
Atherosclerosis and CAD |
miR-185-5p/PAK2 axis (31) |
Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) FGF9-associated
factor (FAF) |
Hypoxia/ischaemia-induced pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes, a
potential therapeutic target of AMI |
Various CVDs & acute myocardial
infarction (AMI) |
miR-206/216b-Atg13 axis (32) |
Serum histamine, Histidine decarboxylase
(HDC) |
Histamine regulating myocardial autophagy and apoptosis in
cardiomyocytes |
Hypoxia and AMI |
miR-344b-5p/FAIM3 axis (33) |
Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) XR_596701 |
Proliferation and apoptosis of intermittent hypoxia (IH)-induced H9c2
cells |
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), IH -induced myocardial
injury |
miR-577/COBLL1 axis (34) |
Fibrosis and apoptosis |
Long non-coding RNA
(lncRNAs) NORAD |
AMI |
miR-6873-3p/MyD88/NF-κB axis (35) |
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) &
circ-RELL1 |
Endothelial cells, the expression of ICAM1 and VCAM1 in
ox-LDL induced endothelium inflammation |
Atherosclerotic CVD
(ASCVD) |
OTUD7B/KLF4/NMHC IIA axis (36) |
Bioactive components of Salvia
miltiorrhiza |
Sal-miR-1 and 3 inhibition of VSMC migration and monocyte
adhesion to VSMCs |
Vascular remodeling |
p62/Nrf2/ARE axis (37) |
Autophagy |
The pyroptosis of macrophages |
Atherosclerosis |
PTEN/AKT/mTOR axis (38) |
A plant-derived flavone tangeretin |
Myocardial autophagy, a novel cardioprotective therapeutic target |
Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction |
RAC1-MEK-ERK-CHD4 axis (39)
|
Harmine
(a natural compound)
|
Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4 (CHD4), a negative modulator
of Ucp1 & harmine-mediated ERK activation in adipocytes
|
Obesity
|
RORα-erythropoietin-AMPK axis (40) |
Bavachalcone, a natural bioactive
compound or a promising angiogenesis agent |
Endothelial progenitor
cells (EPCs) differentiation & neovascularization |
Angiogenesis and
tissue repair in CVD |
T helper 17 (TH17) axis (41) |
High salt intake |
The
effects of salt on the gut microbiome (a potential therapeutic target)
& autoimmunity related to TH17 cells |
Salt-sensitive
hypertension & CVD |
TNFα-NLRP3 signalling axis (42) |
Aconitine, the natural product
extracted from Aconitum species |
A TNFα inhibitor and BNIP3-mediated
mitophagy. |
Aconitine-induced cardiotoxicity and
neurotoxicity |