DISCUSSION
Our study identified putative patterns of climate adaptation in jarrah, with several strong associations between candidate SNPs and climatic gradients. The results provide support for our hypothesis of strong patterns of local adaptation to climate across the distribution of jarrah, although, contrary to our second hypothesis, we found adaptation to both temperature and precipitation variables rather than primarily with precipitation. As expected, annotation highlighted functional genes associated with biological processes, some of which relate to abiotic stress factors and provide good candidates for adaptations. Furthermore, the landscape genomics modelling assessed the magnitude of allelic turnover for candidate SNPs and highlighted temperature seasonality, mean maximum temperature of the warmest month and precipitation of the warmest quarter as explaining significantly more variation than other climate drivers. These patterns indicate that adaptive variants are independently sorting across the landscape, which is consistent with our fourth hypothesis. We discuss the mechanisms for adaptation to climate across complex landscape for forest trees, including a direct comparison with a co-dominant co-occurring foundation species, before providing the scientific basis for implementation of management and conservation strategies to promote the resilience of foundation tree species.