Experimental locations
Experiments were conducted at three locations, with two replicate sites at each location. At all sites, Heliconius butterflies, particularly the H. doris co-mimics H. erato and H. sara , are some of the most abundant butterflies present. In addition, H. doris has been observed at each of the three locations. Therefore, the local predators should be well-trained for avoiding the local morphs. In Panama we conducted the experiments at two sites along Pipeline Rd. near Gamboa Panama (9.12542, -79.71459). In Panama, red (broad rays) and blueH. doris morphs are present, as well as co-mimics for red and blue morphs. In French Guiana, experiments were conducted in two locations, inland (4.57768, -52.39848) and coastal (4.87316, -52.26627), with two replicate sites at each location. At the interior French Guiana sites both the red (narrow rays), and blue H. doris morphs are present, as well as red and blue co-mimics. At the coastal sites, both the red (narrow rays) and blue H. doris morphs are present, but only co-mimics of the blue morph are present. In French Guiana, at around 20km inland there is a sharp transition in the co-mimic H. erato color patterns, with solid black hindwings (non-mimetic toH. doris ) along the coast and red rayed morphs in the interior (mimetic to H. doris ). (Blum, 2008). Based on personal observations and available collections, Heliconius with red ray morphs appear to be largely absent from the coastal areas, therefore predators in the coastal sites have likely had more training to avoid blue, than red warning color morphs.