Effect of assembly process parameters on 165 nm diameter nanoparticle (NP) attachment density in Antibody-Biotin-Streptavidin NanoBEADS (ABS NanoBEADS). (a) Effect of mixing method, assembly volume, and assembly duration on the attached NP areal density. The black bars indicate means and 95% confidence intervals (i.e., nonoverlapping bars between any two cases indicate a significant difference with a p-value <0.05). Effect of assembly period on the distribution of the attached NP areal density for (b) V-800, (c) B-800, and (d) E-800. In all plot legends, X-000-00 denote the mixing method (X), assembly volume (000), and assembly period (00), as described in Table 1. All areal densities are calculated based on projected cell area.