Effect of mixing method and linkage chemistry on the areal density and repeatability of nanoparticle (NP) attachment. Repeatability of NP attachment areal density distribution for Antibody-Biotin-Streptavidin NanoBEADS (ABS NanoBEADS) constructed using the process parameters of (a) B-800-60 and (b) E-800-60, and for Biotin-Streptavidin NanoBEADS (BS NanoBEADS) constructed using process parameters of (e) B-800-60 and (f) E-800-60. Average NP attachment areal density distribution for (c) ABS NanoBEADS and (g) BS NanoBEADS constructed using the process parameters of B-800-60 and E-800-60. Cumulative percentage of NanoBEADS and standard deviation as a function of NP areal density (inset) for (d) ABS NanoBEADS and (h) BS NanoBEADS constructed using the process parameters of B-800-60 and E-800-60. X-000-00 denotes mixing method (X), assembly volume (000), and assembly period (00), as described in Table 1. All areal densities are calculated based on projected cell area. All error bars are standard deviations.