Effect of nanoparticle (NP) size, quantity, and linkage chemistry on NanoBEADS motility speed. (a) The effect of mixing-induced shear and antibody coating on the average speed of bacteria (without NPs) at 2 hr incubation time. (b) The average speed of the ABS and BS NanoBEADS constructed using small or large NPs at 2 hr incubation time. In both plots, the black bars indicated means and 95% confidence intervals. *p-value < 0.05; **p-value < 0.01.