Figure 3. Schematic overview of the biotic (vegetation structure) and abiotic (resources and microclimate under the canopy) factors controlled by local topography in tropical forests. Valleys have higher soil nutrients and water availability, air humidity and bigger trees in terms of DBH, height and canopy cover. In turn, ridges have higher light availability, stem density, and air temperature. The photos were taken in Mata das Flores State Park, Southeast Brazil.