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\begin{document}

\title{Promising Effects of Atorvastatin on Outcomes of Patients with Severe
COVID-19, A Retrospective Cohort Study}



\author[1]{Mohmmad Haji Aghajani}%
\author[2]{Omid Moradi}%
\author[1]{Hamed Azhdari Tehrani}%
\author[1]{Hossein Amini}%
\author[1]{Elham Pourheidar}%
\author[1]{Firouze Hatami}%
\author[1]{Mohammad Mahdi Rabiei}%
\author[1]{Mohammad Sistanizad}%
\affil[1]{Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}%
\affil[2]{Affiliation not available}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 18, 2024}


\begingroup
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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Purpose: Considering the anti-inflammatory effect of atorvastatin and
the role of medical comorbidities such as hypertension and coronary
artery disease on prognosis of the COVID-19 patients, we aimed to assess
the effect of atorvastatin add-on therapy on mortality due to COVID-19.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, including patients
who were hospitalized with confirmed diagnosis of severe COVID-19.
Baseline characteristics and related clinical data of patients were
recorded. Clinical outcomes consist of in hospital mortality, need for
invasive mechanical ventilation and hospital length of stay. COX
regression analysis models were used to assess the association of
independent factors to outcomes. Results: Atorvastatin was administered
for 421 out of 991 patients. The mean age was 61.640\selectlanguage{ngerman}±17.003 years. Older
age, higher prevalence of hypertension and coronary artery disease
reported in patients who received atorvastatin. These patients had
shorter hospital length of stay (P=0.001). Based on COX proportional
hazard model, in hospital use of atorvastatin was associated to decrease
in mortality (HR=0.679, P=0.005) and lower need for invasive mechanical
ventilation (HR=0.602, P=0.014). Conclusions: Atorvastatin add-on
therapy in patient with severe COVID-19 was associated with lower in
hospital mortality and reduced the risk of need for invasive mechanical
ventilation which support to continue the prescription of the
medication.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Title:} Promising Effects of Atorvastatin on Outcomes of
Patients with Severe COVID-19, A Retrospective Cohort Study

\textbf{Running Title:} Atorvastatin for Severe COVID-19 Patients

\textbf{Authors:}

Mohammad Haji Aghajani\textsuperscript{1}, Omid
Moradi\textsuperscript{2}, Hamed Azhdari Tehrani\textsuperscript{3},
Hossein Amini\textsuperscript{2}, Elham Pourheidar\textsuperscript{2},
Firouze Hatami\textsuperscript{4}, Mohammad Mahdi
Rabiei\textsuperscript{4}\textbf{,}Mohammad
Sistanizad\textsuperscript{1,2},

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Imam Hossein
  Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
  Iran.
\item
  Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
  Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
\item
  Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Shahid Beheshti
  University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
\item
  Clinical Research Development Unit of Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid
  Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
\end{enumerate}

Corresponding author: Mohammad Sistanizad

Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti
University of Medical Sciences, Valiasr St, Tehran, Iran.\emph{Zip
code:} 1991953381\emph{Phone number:} +982188200118\emph{Email:}
Sistanizadm@sbmu.ac.ir



\textbf{Abstract}

Purpose: Considering the anti-inflammatory effect of atorvastatin and
the role of medical comorbidities such as hypertension and coronary
artery disease on prognosis of the COVID-19 patients, we aimed to assess
the effect of atorvastatin add-on therapy on mortality due to COVID-19.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, including patients
who were hospitalized with confirmed diagnosis of severe COVID-19.
Baseline characteristics and related clinical data of patients were
recorded. Clinical outcomes consist of in hospital mortality, need for
invasive mechanical ventilation and hospital length of stay. COX
regression analysis models were used to assess the association of
independent factors to outcomes.

Results: Atorvastatin was administered for 421 out of 991 patients. The
mean age was 61.640\selectlanguage{ngerman}±17.003 years. Older age, higher prevalence of
hypertension and coronary artery disease reported in patients who
received atorvastatin. These patients had shorter hospital length of
stay (P=0.001). Based on COX proportional hazard model, in hospital use
of atorvastatin was associated to decrease in mortality (HR=0.679,
P=0.005) and lower need for invasive mechanical ventilation (HR=0.602,
P=0.014).

Conclusions: Atorvastatin add-on therapy in patient with severe COVID-19
was associated with lower in hospital mortality and reduced the risk of
need for invasive mechanical ventilation which support to continue the
prescription of the medication.

\textbf{Keywords}

Atorvastatin, COVID-19, Mortality, Mechanical Ventilation, SARS-Cov-2,
Prognosis.

\textbf{What is already known about this topic?}

Previous studies showed that, patients who used statins may have
decreased rate of mortality due to COVID-19. Results about the effect of
statins on other outcomes including need for mechanical ventilation and
hospital length of stay were inconsistent.

\textbf{What does this article add?}

In our large-scale retrospective cohort study, we examined the effect of
atorvastatin, as a lipophilic statin, on outcomes of patients with
severe to critical form of COVID-19. In addition to decrease in
mortality, we observed lower risk of need of invasive mechanical
ventilation associated with atorvastatin administration and also shorter
hospital length of stay in patients who received atorvastatin.



\textbf{Introduction}

The COVID-19 pandemic is still growing around the world and more than 90
million cases around the world with over 2 million deaths, have been
identified\textsuperscript{1}. Immune dysregulation and cytokine release
associated with SARS-Cov-2 infection are considered as an important
cause of mortality in this population and it could induce
hyperinflammatory state, vasculitis, and cardiovascular
events\textsuperscript{2-4}.

In previous studies, the anti-inflammatory role of statins in the
reduction of cytokines, in some conditions other than infectious
diseases, has been confirmed\textsuperscript{5,6}. Also, studies have
been shown that patients who have received atorvastatin, had a better
prognosis in viral and bacterial pneumonia \textsuperscript{7,8}. In
some studies, it is hypothesized that decreasing the synthesis of
cholesterol by statins and depletion of cell membrane cholesterol
content, could disturb the entry of the virus into the
cells\textsuperscript{9}. SARS-COV-2 also generates multi
pro-inflammatory cytokines by activating Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on T
lymphocytes \textsuperscript{10}. This TLR-MYD88-NF\selectlanguage{greek}κ\selectlanguage{english}B pathway promotes
cytokine release. Statins also block this pathway; inhibit T cell
activation and proliferation, so they have immunomodulatory
effects\textsuperscript{11}.By considering the effect of underlying
conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and
hyperinflammation associated with COVID-19, statins could affect the
prognosis of the patients who have been hospitalized due to
COVID-19\textsuperscript{12-14}. Therefore, we aimed to assess the
effect of atorvastatin use, in the outcomes of the patients with severe
to critical COVID-19.

\textbf{Patients and Methods}

\emph{Study design and patient selection}

In this retrospective cohort study, all adult patients (age [?]18 years
old)who were hospitalized due to severe to critical COVID-19, from March
2020 to July 2020, in the Imam Hossein medical center affiliated to
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, were
evaluated\textsuperscript{15}. Patients without positive reverse
transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) results were excluded
and data from patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 based on rt-PCR were
included. The study was conducted based on the declaration of Helsinki
and the institutional review board committee approved the study.

\emph{Data Collection}

For each patient, demographic and laboratory data including past medical
and drug history, outcomes, baseline complete blood count and
inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte
sedimentation rate (ESR), ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and
liver function tests were recorded. Also, vital signs on admission and
selected pharmacotherapy for management of COVID-19 besides, the
administration of atorvastatin and other cardiovascular medications
including Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs), Angiotensin
Receptor Blockers (ARBs), and beta-blockers, were documented.
Atorvastatin use was defined as the administration of the medication on
1\textsuperscript{st} day of admission.

\emph{Outcomes}

In hospital mortality was defined as the primary outcome for the study.
The need for invasive mechanical ventilation including ventilation via
endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes and length of hospital stay are
considered as the secondary outcomes.

\emph{Statistical Analysis}

Statistical analysis was performed by STATA software version 14
(StataCorp, Texan, USA). All included patients stratified as they
received atorvastatin or not during hospitalization. The parametric or
non-parametric distribution of the quantitative data was analyzed using
the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Data description of parametric quantitative
variables reported as means \selectlanguage{ngerman}± standard deviation and non-normally
distributed data reported as median (interquartile range=IQR).
Qualitative variables reported as frequency (percentage). Continues
variables compared using independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U test for
normally and non-normally distributed data in bivariate analysis,
respectively. Categorical variables analyzed using Chi-square or
Fisher's exact test (in the situation in which more than 25\% of the
categories had frequencies below five). A P-value of less than 0.05 is
considered significant.

The crude association between atorvastatin administration and occurrence
of outcomes including the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and
in-hospital mortality was performed using the univariate COX
proportional hazards regression model. For the selection of the best
predictors, variables with a P-value of less than 0.2are considered to
be analyzed in multivariable COX regression analysis using a stepwise
selection approach. Confounders were selected based on the
recommendation of previously published epidemiological studies that
reported the probable prognostic value of underlying conditions and also
medications that were being used \textsuperscript{16}. This included
age, gender, body mass index (BMI) in demographics, hypertension,
diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, chronic respiratory
conditions, malignancies, immunocompromised, chronic kidney disease in
comorbidities. Also, we adjusted the model for using beta-blockers and
ACEIs or ARBs \textsuperscript{17,18}. the model was adjusted for the
medications which were used to treat COVID-19. Patients with negative
time to event removed from the analysis. A 95\% confident interval of
hazard ratio was reported. The proportional hazard assumption for COX
analysis was tested using scaled Schoenfeld residuals and the P-value of
0.05 or more considered as no serious violations of the proportional
hazards assumption.

\textbf{Results}

Nine hundred and ninety-one patients were included in the study. The
mean age was 61.640±17.003 and 544 (54.89\%) and 447 (45.11\%) of the
patients were male and female, respectively. Four hundred and twenty-one
patients (42.48\%) received atorvastatin whereas five hundred and
seventy (57.52\%) did not. Of those who received atorvastatin, 169
(40.14\%) were taking the medication prior to hospital admission and
atorvastatin was initiated for the rest of the patients on the first day
of hospital admission.

Regarding demographics, patients who received atorvastatin were older
(P\textless{}0.001), but no significant differences were observed in
gender distribution and BMI between the two groups. Considering
comorbidities, except for diabetes and CKD which were more prevalent in
patients who did not receive atorvastatin (P\textless{}0.001), others
including hypertension(P\textless{}0.001), coronary artery disease
(P\textless{}0.001), and malignancy (P=0.012) were significantly higher
in the group of patients who received atorvastatin. From laboratory data
collected at baseline, C reactive protein was significantly higher in
the group of patients who received atorvastatin (P=0.040). Patients who
did not receive atorvastatin had a higher baseline erythrocyte
sedimentation rate, serum creatinine, and urea levels compared to those
who did not. Except for hydroxychloroquine (P=0.005) and corticosteroids
(P=0.007), there were no significant differences between the two groups
in medications used to treat COVID-19. Baseline demographics, clinical
and laboratory data are presented in \textbf{Table 1} .

Based on the crude analysis, no significant differences observed in
mortality rate between two groups (26.84\% vs 25.09\%, P=0.221).
Patients who received atorvastatin had a significantly lower hospital
length of stay (P\textless{}0.001). Also, this group had a lower but
non-significant need for mechanical ventilation (P=0.563). Results for
primary and secondary outcomes are represented in \textbf{Table 2} .

In unadjusted COX proportional analysis, atorvastatin was associated
with a decreased in-hospital mortality (0.820{[}0.639-1.054{]}) and need
for mechanical ventilation (0.709{[}0.486-1.034{]}). Stepwise COX
regression proportional hazard ration analysis revealed that
atorvastatin is associated with reduced risk of in-hospital mortality
(0.679{[}0.517-0.890{]}) and the need for mechanical ventilation
(0.602{[}0.401-0.903{]}), independently. From demographics, age,
obesity, coronary heart disease, and malignancy included in the
multivariable analysis to evaluate the need for invasive mechanical
ventilation. Also, utilization of beta-blockers, ACEIs/ARB,
atorvastatin, corticosteroid, hydroxychloroquine, and
lopinavir/ritonavir were analyzed. In the stepwise model for the
analysis of survival, age, hypertension, coronary heart disease,
malignancy, and medication i.e., beta-blockers, ACEIs/ARB, atorvastatin,
corticosteroid, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir/ritonavir remained in
the multivariable model. The Association of factors with mortality and
the need for invasive mechanical ventilation in COX proportional
analysis is represented in \textbf{Table 3.}

\textbf{Discussion}

In our retrospective cohort study, among 991 patients suffering severe
to criticalCOVID-19, atorvastatin which were administered for 421 of the
patients was associated with a significant decrease in mortality
(HR=0.679), the need for mechanical ventilation (HR=0.602), and hospital
length of stay. Very little was found in the literature about the role
of statins in the management of patients with COVID 19. In line with our
study, data from the largest cohort study from China by Zhang et al,
demonstrated that in-hospital use of statins improved survival among
COVID-19 patients (HR=0.58). In this retrospective study, which included
1219 patients who used a statin, 28-day all-cause mortality risk was
5.2\% and 9.4\% in the statin and none statin users,
respectively\textsuperscript{19}. The lower mortality rate in this study
compared to our results could be due to including moderate cases in the
study by Zhang et al. which were not included in our study. Another
study enrolled 71 patients with a pre-existing chronic cardiovascular
disease, and in accordance with our findings, the mortality rate of
patients who received statins was lower compared to the group of
patients without statins (21.4\% vs. 34.5\%; p\textless{}0.05), and in
their subgroup analysis, it is reported a significant reduction in
mortality in the patients who were taking atorvastatin compared to
non-statin users and patients who were taking other statins
(P=0.025)\textsuperscript{20}. In another retrospective cohort study,
which compared intensive-care unit (ICU) admission, invasive mechanical
ventilation rate, and death between statin users and non-statin users,
ICU admission was lower in the statin group but other outcomes were not
different between the two groups\textsuperscript{21}. Another
retrospective multicenter cohort study showed a significant association
between statin intake in 31 subjects and the absence of symptoms during
COVID-19 with an odds ratio of 2.91, nevertheless, there were no effects
on serious clinical outcomes\textsuperscript{22}.

Based on the result from our study which is in accordance with the
previously performed studies, reduced need for mechanical ventilation as
two important measures for pulmonary function, we could say that
atorvastatin administration strongly reduces the disease severity by
inhibition of the inflammatory process during the disease course. Also,
these effects alongside to reduction in mortality rate which was
statistically significant, make the medication an important choice of
add-on therapy. Based on the significance of the mechanisms involved in
the beneficial effect of the atorvastatin in the course of COVID-19, and
the clinically proven efficacy, we could consider it in the treatment of
patients who suffer from a severe form of the disease. It is important
to note that, we studied the effect of the atorvastatin on the outcome
of the patients as add-on therapy and we should not forget about the
importance of early antiviral agents administration as potent inhibitors
of the viral replication which could reduce the hospital length of
stay\textsuperscript{23}, the role of potent anti-inflammatory agents
such as corticosteroids and interleukin pathways inhibitors on mortality
and severity in the treatment of the COVID-19 \textsuperscript{24-27}.

By considering the result of the study, we should be aware of the
limitation we are facing in this study. First, this study was performed
by a retrospective method which makes further randomized controlled
trials emerge. Second, although we adjusted potential confounders to
reduce the study results bias, it could be possible that some unmeasured
factors such as prehospital used medication, the socioeconomic situation
could interfere with the results. Third, we could expect that the result
could be affected by the data from other institutions and a multicentric
designed prospective study may be needed. Fourth, as we included data of
the hospitalized patients with the severe form of the disease,
extrapolation of the results to non-hospitalized patients with moderate
disease severity may not be possible.

\textbf{Conclusion}

In conclusion, we found that atorvastatin therapy has positive effects
on the course of hospitalization in patients with severe COVID-19.
Mostly these effects were seen in important outcomes of these patients
i.e., mortality rate, duration of hospitalization, and needs for
mechanical ventilation due to COVID-19. Prospective randomized
controlled trials are to be recommended to confirm the effect of statins
on patients with viral infections, especially severe COVID-19.

\textbf{Authorship:}

MHA, Study concept and design, Acquisition of data, Critical revision of
the manuscript for important intellectual content, Study supervision;
OM, Statistical analysis, Drafting of the manuscript, Technical support,
Acquisition of data; HAT, Drafting of the manuscript, Technical support;
HA, Drafting of the manuscript, Statistical analysis, Critical revision
of the manuscript for important intellectual content; Elham Pourheidar,
Drafting of the manuscript, Critical revision of the manuscript for
important intellectual content, technical support; Firouze Hatami,
Drafting of the manuscript, technical support; Mohammad Mahdi Rabiei,
Drafting of the manuscript, technical support; Mohammad Sistanizad,
Study concept and design, Acquisition of data, Drafting of the
manuscript, Statistical analysis, Administrative, , and material
support, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual
content, Study supervision.

\textbf{Authors disclosure}

The authors declare no conflict of interest

\textbf{Funding}

This study was performed in prevention of cardiovascular disease
research center, under the supervision of vice chancellery of research
and technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran and did not received any financial support from other sources.

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\textbf{Table 1.} Patient Demographics and Related Clinical and
Laboratory Findings\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Characteristics}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Characteristics}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Total} \emph{(n=991)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Received Atorvastatin} \emph{(n=421)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Not-received Atorvastatin} \emph{(n=570)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{P-value}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Age (years)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Age (years)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
61.640\selectlanguage{ngerman}±17.003\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
65.46\selectlanguage{ngerman}±14.94\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
58.82\selectlanguage{ngerman}±17.88\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Sex}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Male (\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
544 (54.89)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
225 (53.44)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
319 (55.97)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.431\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Female (\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
447 (45.11)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
196 (46.56)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
251 (44.03)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Body Mass Index (kg/m\textsuperscript{2})}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Body Mass Index (kg/m\textsuperscript{2})}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27.051\selectlanguage{ngerman}±4.854\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27.34\selectlanguage{ngerman}±26.49\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
26.81\selectlanguage{ngerman}±4.74\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.119\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Vital Signs\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
117.59\selectlanguage{ngerman}±20.71\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
118.55\selectlanguage{ngerman}±19.65\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
116.95\selectlanguage{ngerman}±21.49\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.219\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
74.69\selectlanguage{ngerman}±27.19\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
74.70\selectlanguage{ngerman}±11.76\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
74.71\selectlanguage{ngerman}±34.58\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.985\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Pulse Rate (beats/min)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
89.55\selectlanguage{ngerman}±15.71\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
89.01\selectlanguage{ngerman}±15.83\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
89.94\selectlanguage{ngerman}±15.41\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.538\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Respiratory Rate (breath/min)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20.64\selectlanguage{ngerman}±7.92\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20.80\selectlanguage{ngerman}±10.69\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20.51\selectlanguage{ngerman}±5.06\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.670\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{O\textsubscript{2} Saturation (\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
88.29\selectlanguage{ngerman}±7.82\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
88.35\selectlanguage{ngerman}±7.04\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
88.25\selectlanguage{ngerman}±8.38\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.924\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Comorbidities}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Hypertension (\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
407 (41.07)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
233 (55.34)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
174 (30.53)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Diabetes (\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
303 (30.58)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
117 (27.79)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
186 (32.81)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Coronary Artery Disease (\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
194 (19.58)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
133 (46.08)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
61 (10.70)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Chronic Kidney Disease (\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
102 (10.29)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
37 (8.79)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
65 (11.40)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Malignancy (\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42 (4.24)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
32 (7.60)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10 (1.75)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.012\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{COPD/Asthma \textsuperscript{14}}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
87 (8.78)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
38 (9.03)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
49 (8.60)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.813\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Baseline Laboratory Data}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{WBC (cell/micL)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.90 (4.63)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.20 (4.80)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.60 (4.40)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.020\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Lymphocyte (cell/micL)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
821.75 (1588.10)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
828.00 (1596.00)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
821.50 (1587.20)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.780\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Hemoglobin (g/dL)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12.41\selectlanguage{ngerman}±2.08\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12.30\selectlanguage{ngerman}±2.17\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12.28\selectlanguage{ngerman}±2.14\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.898\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{INR}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.20\selectlanguage{ngerman}±0.48\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.22\selectlanguage{ngerman}±0.52\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.08\selectlanguage{ngerman}±0.20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.239\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{PT}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
13.09\selectlanguage{ngerman}±5.09\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
13.26\selectlanguage{ngerman}±5.30\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12.94\selectlanguage{ngerman}±4.96\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.415\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{PTT}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
28.25\selectlanguage{ngerman}±12.79\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27.39\selectlanguage{ngerman}±10.87\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
28.93\selectlanguage{ngerman}±14.22\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.126\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Lactate Dehydrogenase}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
645.00 (403.00)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
643.00 (404.00)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
659.00 (525.25)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.282\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Ferritin}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
621.30 (964.00)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
579.10 (812.10)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
750.95 (1134.40)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.508\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{C-reactive Protein}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
54.00 (53.10)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
55.30 (53.30)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
51.50 (51.65)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.040\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
52.74\selectlanguage{ngerman}±28.41\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
48.20\selectlanguage{ngerman}±29.01\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
60.17\selectlanguage{ngerman}±26.12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.021\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Creatine Phosphokinase}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
130.00 (211.00)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
130.00 (206.00)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
136.00 (264.00)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.203\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Serum Creatinine}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.40 (1.20)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.40 (1.20)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.45 (1.08)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Serum Urea}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
50.00 (45.00)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
48.20 (41.90)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
52.30 (55.88)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Procalcitonin}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.73 (1.85)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.49 (1.31)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.16 (2.41)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.873\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{D-dimer}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
799.20 (2434.00)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
709.00 (1257.00)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1712.50 (3756.75\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.365\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Aspartate Aminotransferase}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
26.00 (27.00)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
25.00 (25.40)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
29.60 (38.13)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.470\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Alanine Aminotransferase}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
37.00 (29.50)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
40.00 (26.40)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
34.40 (39.78)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.490\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Medication Used to Treat COVID-19}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Hydroxychloroquine}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
553 (55.80)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
213 (89.67)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
340 (59.65)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.005\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Lopinavir/Ritonavir}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
557 (56.21)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
236 (56.06)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
321 (56.32)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.935\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Corticosteroid}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
287 (28.96)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
141 (33.49)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
146 (25.61)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.007\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Interferon Beta 1a}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
372 (37.54)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
170 (40.38)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
202 (35.44)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.112\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Remdesivir}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
46 (4.64)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
21 (4.99)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
25 (4.39)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.656\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Favipiravir}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
40 (4.04)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
23 (5.46)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
17 (2.98)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.050\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Table 2.} Primary and Secondary Outcomes\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Variable\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Variable\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Total} \emph{(n=991)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Received Atorvastatin} \emph{(n=421)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{Not-received Atorvastatin} \emph{(n=570)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\emph{P-value}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Need for Mechanical Ventilation (\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Need for Mechanical Ventilation (\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
144 (14.53)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
58 (13.78)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
86 (15.09)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.563\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Hospital Length of Stay (days) {[}Range{]}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Hospital Length of Stay (days) {[}Range{]}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.00 (6.00) {[}1-80{]}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.00 (5.00)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.00 (6.00)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
In-hospital Outcome (\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Death\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
256 (25.83)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
113 (26.84)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
143 (25.09)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.221\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recovery\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
735 (74.17)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
308 (73.16)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
427 (74.91)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Table 3.} Association of Factors with Outcomes in COX
Proportional Hazard Regression Model\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllll@{}}
\toprule
Variable & Crude HR*, 95\% CI & P-value & Adjusted HR*, 95\% CI &
Adjusted HR*, 95\% CI & P-value\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
In Hospital Mortality & In Hospital Mortality & In Hospital Mortality &
In Hospital Mortality & In Hospital Mortality & In Hospital
Mortality\tabularnewline
Age (years) & 1.034{[}1.025-1.043{]} & \textless{}0.001 &
1.036{[}1.026-1.045{]} & 1.036{[}1.026-1.045{]} &
\textless{}0.001\tabularnewline
Gender & 1.197{[}0.930-1.541{]} & 0.162 & & &\tabularnewline
Obesity & 0.982{[}0.957-1.009{]} & 0.188 & & &\tabularnewline
Hypertension & 1.535{[}1.199-1.965{]} & 0.001 & 1.227{[}0.916-1.644{]} &
1.227{[}0.916-1.644{]} & 0.170\tabularnewline
Diabetes & 0.982{[}0.755-1.277{]} & 0.890 & & &\tabularnewline
Coronary Heart Disease & 1.331{[}1.004-1.764{]} & 0.047 &
0.980{[}0.719-1.337{]} & 0.980{[}0.719-1.337{]} & 0.901\tabularnewline
Chronic Kidney Disease & 1.002{[}0.688-1.459{]} & 0.992 & &
&\tabularnewline
Malignancy & 1.370{[}0.784-2.396{]} & 0.269 & 1.706{[}0.961-3.031{]} &
1.706{[}0.961-3.031{]} & 0.068\tabularnewline
Chronic Respiratory Disease & 1.194{[}0.962-1.482{]} & 0.107 & &
&\tabularnewline
Immunosuppressive disorders & 1.205{[}0.674-2.152{]} & 0.530 & &
&\tabularnewline
Smoking & 0.932{[}0.667-1.302{]} & 0.679 & & &\tabularnewline
Beta Blocker & 1.375{[}1.052-1.794{]} & 0.020 & 1.327{[}0.981-1.795{]} &
1.327{[}0.981-1.795{]} & 0.066\tabularnewline
ACEIs/ARB & 1.067{[}0.808-1.407{]} & 0.647 & 0.754{[}0.553-1.029{]} &
0.075 & 0.075\tabularnewline
Atorvastatin & 0.820{[}0.639-1.054{]} & 0.121 & 0.679{[}0.517-0.890{]} &
0.679{[}0.517-0.890{]} & 0.005\tabularnewline
Corticosteroid & 1.205{[}0.930-1.561{]} & 0.159 & 1.245{[}0.941-1.649{]}
& 1.245{[}0.941-1.649{]} & 0.125\tabularnewline
Hydroxychloroquine & 0.814{[}0.635-1.045{]} & 0.106 &
0.813{[}0.629-1.051{]} & 0.813{[}0.629-1.051{]} & 0.113\tabularnewline
Lopinavir/Ritonavir & 1.220{[}0.945-1.574{]} & 0.128 &
1.250{[}0.951-1.641{]} & 1.250{[}0.951-1.641{]} & 0.110\tabularnewline
Remdesivir & 0.815{[}0.456-1.457{]} & 0.489 & & &\tabularnewline
Favipiravir & 0.739{[}0.430-1.273{]} & 0.276 & & &\tabularnewline
Mechanical Ventilation & Mechanical Ventilation & Mechanical Ventilation
& Mechanical Ventilation & Mechanical Ventilation & Mechanical
Ventilation\tabularnewline
Age (years) & 1.019{[}1.007-1.028{]} & 0.001 & 1.026{[}1.014-1.038{]} &
1.026{[}1.014-1.038{]} & \textless{}0.001\tabularnewline
Gender & 1.259{[}0.868-1.825{]} & 0.225 & & &\tabularnewline
Obesity & 0.994{[}0.969-1.029{]} & 0.744 & 1.390{[}0.903-2.140{]} &
1.390{[}0.903-2.140{]} & 0.134\tabularnewline
Hypertension & 1.190{[}0.781-1.811{]} & 0.418 & & &\tabularnewline
Diabetes & 1.141{[}0.779-1.672{]} & 0.499 & & &\tabularnewline
Coronary Heart Disease & 1.115{[}0.750-1.657{]} & 0.592 &
0.704{[}0.422-1.174{]} & 0.704{[}0.422-1.174{]} & 0.179\tabularnewline
Chronic Kidney Disease & 0.750{[}0.405-1.390{]} & 0.361 & &
&\tabularnewline
Malignancy & 1.652{[}0.768-3.552{]} & 0.199 & 1.963{[}0.894-4.312{]} &
1.963{[}0.894-4.312{]} & 0.093\tabularnewline
Chronic Respiratory Disease & 1.470{[}0.838-2.577{]} & 0.179 & &
&\tabularnewline
Immunosuppressive disorders & 0.924{[}0.340-2.508{]} & 0.877 & &
&\tabularnewline
Smoking & 1.008{[}0.624-1.629{]} & 0.972 & & &\tabularnewline
Beta Blocker & 1.639{[}1.110-2.418{]} & 0.013 & 2.071{[}1.334-3.217{]} &
2.071{[}1.334-3.217{]} & 0.001\tabularnewline
ACEIs/ARB & 0.823{[}0.545-1.242{]} & 0.252 & 0.670{[}0.426-1.054{]} &
0.670{[}0.426-1.054{]} & 0.084\tabularnewline
Atorvastatin & 0.709{[}0.486-1.034{]} & 0.074 & 0.602{[}0.401-0.903{]} &
0.602{[}0.401-0.903{]} & 0.014\tabularnewline
Corticosteroid & 1.507{[}1.034-2.196{]} & 0.033 & 1.445{[}0.962-2.170{]}
& 1.445{[}0.962-2.170{]} & 0.076\tabularnewline
Hydroxychloroquine & 0.711{[}0.489-1.033{]} & 0.073 &
0.707{[}0.482-1.036{]} & 0.707{[}0.482-1.036{]} & 0.076\tabularnewline
Lopinavir/Ritonavir & 1.367{[}0.934-2.000{]} & 0.108 &
1.357{[}0.904-2.037{]} & 1.357{[}0.904-2.037{]} & 0.141\tabularnewline
Remdesivir & 0.944{[}0.414-2.152{]} & 0.892 & & &\tabularnewline
Favipiravir & 1.577{[}0.859-2.893{]} & 0.141 & & &\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

*Hazard ratio

The model was fitted based on the Schoenfeld residual test for the
evaluation of the proportional hazard assumption with P=0.253, P=0.218,
respectively.

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

