Figure 1. Bee abundance sampled at transect level in organic field, conventional control field and flower strip, and their upscaling to field and farm scales with different scenarios. Scenario 1: At transect level, the effectiveness of flower strip (FS) scheme (EF2: compared to conventional field) was eight times higher than the effectiveness of organic management (EF1: compared to conventional field). Scenario 2: At field level, when FSs occupied 15% of a conventional field, the effectiveness of conventional management with FS (EF3) was 43% higher than the effectiveness of organic management (EF4). Scenario 3: Based on the same farm area (100 ha), organic farming was more effective (EF5) than conventional farming containing 5% FS and 95% conventional fields (EF6). Scenario 4: Based on the same farm area (100 ha) and same yield loss, i.e. conventional farming with ca. 20% FS (EF8) was more efficient than organic farming (EF7) (n = 60 transects and fields; n = 40 farms). Error bars represent standard error of mean. Significance levels: ***P < 0.001. Abundance closely correlated with species numbers in our dataset (Pearson’s r = 0.80, P < 0.001).