Variable Status All epistaxis patients
% (n) ED admissions
% (n) ED discharges
% (n) Re-presentation rates of
ED discharges
% (n) Univariable logistic regression
p value
Overall - (2631) 45.4 (1055/2322) 54.6 (1267/2322) 19.5 (245/1259) -
Sex Female 45.7 (1201) 46.1 (494/1071) 53.9 (577/1071) 17.4 (100/574) 0.111
Male 54.3 (1425) 44.8 (559/1249) 55.2 (690/1249) 21.2 (145/685)
Age in years Cohort Median (Range) (Interquartile range) 74 (18 to 102) (63 to 83) 76 (19 to 99) (66 to 84) 73 (18 to 102) (61 to 82) Re-presented vs no 73 vs 73 (18 to 99) vs (18 to 102) (61 to 82) vs (61 to 82) 0.799
Intranasal management No intranasal intervention 13.5 (350) 14.5 (34/234) 85.5 (200/234) 15.2 (30/198) -
Cautery only 14.2 (369) 10.8 (30/277) 89.2 (247/277) 20.0 (49/245) 0.172
Non-dissolvable packs 45.6 (1183) 70.5 (793/1125) 29.5 (332/1125) 18.2 (60/330) 0.438
Rapid Rhino 40.3 (1046) 72.4 (724/1000) 27.6 (276/1000) 20.0 (55/275) 0.192
Merocel 3.0 (78) 72.1 (49/68) 27.9 (19/68) 5.3 (1/19) 0.968
Other non-dissolvable 2.3 (59) 35.1 (20/57) 64.9 (37/57) 11.1 (4/36) 0.538
Dissolvable products 26.7 (692) 28.9 (198/686) 71.1 (488/686) 21.8 (106/486) 0.074
NasoPore 18.6 (483) 25.3 (121/479) 74.7 (358/479) 21.8 (78/357) 0.096
Floseal 5.9 (152) 38.4 (58/151) 61.6 (93/151) 24.7 (23/93) 0.060
Other dissolvable 2.2 (57) 33.9 (19/56) 66.1 (37/56) 13.9 (5/36) 0.910
Non-dissolvable pack by ED No 55.9 (1470) 28.0 (345/1233) 72.0 (888/1233) 21.3 (187/880) 0.024*
Yes 44.1 (1158) 65.2 (709/1087) 34.8 (378/1087) 15.3 (58/378)
Silver nitrate cautery at any time No 61.2 (1607) 53.2 (760/1428) 46.8 (668/1428) 18.1 (120/664) -
Yes (any) 38.8 (1019) 32.8 (292/891) 67.2 (599/891) 21.0 (125/595) 0.203
Successful 28.5 (747) 26.8 (175/654) 73.2 (479/654) 18.4 (88/477) 0.885
Unsuccessful 10.3 (269) 49.2 (116/236) 50.8 (120/236) 31.4 (37/118) 0.001*
Recent epistaxis treatment No 80.0 (2102) 44.2 (826/1868) 55.8 (1042/1868) 17.0 (176/1035) <0.001*
Yes 20.0 (525) 50.4 (227/450) 49.6 (223/450) 31.1 (69/222)
Hypertension No 41.3 (1071) 39.5 (365/924) 60.5 (559/924) 18.4 (102/554) 0.459
Yes 58.7 (1521) 49.4 (672/1361) 50.6 (689/1361) 20.1 (138/686)
Ischaemic heart disease No 65.9 (1709) 40.2 (607/1511) 59.8 (904/1511) 18.8 (169/898) 0.416
Yes 34.1 (883) 55.6 (430/774) 44.4 (344/774) 20.8 (71/342)
Diabetes No 87.3 (2263) 44.0 (877/1992) 56.0 (1115/1992) 19.3 (214/1109) 0.882
Yes 12.7 (329) 54.6 (160/293) 45.4 (133/293) 19.8 (26/131)
Anticoagulation None 56.8 (1488) 39.3 (512/1304) 60.7 (792/1304) 19.5 (153/786) -
Yes (any) 43.2 (1130) 53.6 (539/1005) 46.4 (466/1005) 19.8 (92/464) 0.997
Yes (in range, no treatment) 31.1 (815) 43.8 (317/724) 56.2 (407/724) 20.2 (82/405) 0.906
Yes (in range, lowered) 7.8 (203) 79.7 (145/182) 20.3 (37/182) 18.9 (7/37) 0.943
Yes (above range, no treatment) 1.1 (29) 60.0 (15/25) 40.0 (10/25) 20.0 (2/10) 0.969
Yes (above range, lowered) 3.2 (83) 83.8 (62/74) 16.2 (12/74) 8.3 (1/12) 0.349
Antiplatelets None 75.5 (1974) 44.8 (777/1734) 55.2 (957/1734) 18.4 (175/950) -
Yes (any) 24.5 (641) 48.1 (276/574) 51.9 (298/574) 23.6 (70/297) 0.043*
Aspirin (only) 13.2 (345) 46.3 (144/311) 53.7 (167/311) 24.0 (40/167) 0.084
Clopidogrel (only) 8.1 (213) 51.1 (97/190) 48.9 (93/190) 22.6 (21/93) 0.304
Aspirin & Clopidogrel 3.2 (83) 47.9 (35/73) 52.1 (38/73) 24.3 (9/37) 0.350
IV Tranexamic acid No 77.4 (2029) 43.1 (768/1781) 56.9 (1013/1781) 20.5 (206/1006) 0.328
Yes 22.6 (591) 62.0 (217/350) 38.0 (133/350) 16.7 (22/132)